Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Political Science - Essay ExampleUnder a buttoned-down system, individuals are responsible for their own welfare and the state benefits from individuals efforts, contributions, and interests. Conservatives do not opine in equality of citizens and equitable distribution of national resources since every individual is compensated according to their effort.Liberals believe that the government should set policies and regulations against gun ownership. Under this system, the government is responsible for individuals security and, therefore gun ownership is unnecessary. The liberals argue that people commit crime due to social disparities that exist at bottom our society. Thus, in a liberal state there will be social and economic stability enhanced by equitable distribution of resources. Such states will have minimal crime rates. On the other hand, the conservatives believe that citizens have the rights for gun ownership as provided for by the Second amendment. In a conservative syst em, individuals have the rights to defend themselves and celebrate criminals from committing crime. They also believe that gun controls laws do not prevent criminals from obtaining weapons and using them to commit crime. Instead, they argue that the government should strengthen existing laws to prevent misuse of guns. Source textbook and workweek 9 videos2, US elections often divide the country into either blue or blushing(a) states. The Republican Party is associated with the rosy-cheeked state duration the democrats are linked with color blue. The blue and red-faced state ideology originates from the liberal and conservative ideologies whereby the democrats are considered as liberal while the republicans are considered conservatives. The red and blue states have their origin from the era of slavery. States that supported slavery remain under the republican ideologies while those that supported abolition of slavery support the right movement or they are the blue states. benig hted states include New England and the Great

Politic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politic - Essay ExampleWith globalization, the roles of the states are affected economically, scientificly, socially, and politically as they govern their people. Due to such political arrangements, similar jurisdictions have emerged that are influencing political and economic decisions of the autarkical states. A pattern is thus emerging whereby states are making political progression and regression unneurotic, do states to become developmental (Lake, 2006).The roles of states have changed in the face of globalization since some of them have high independency on others due to their economic power and influence on international decisions. United States is one of the countries in the world who is known to exercise authority over other states by influencing the manner in which they get to decisions (Lake, 2006). Since the World War II, most of the western states like Britain and France started working closely with the United States leading to a more dependent scenario. Currently, most countries in Europe formed the European Union that facilitated their dependence on each other in decision-making purposes. The European Union is also known to work closely with the fall in states thus further fostering high dependence between the states thus in turn erodes their sovereignty. Britain together with other European countries now highly looks at the United States as an authoritative power to scarper on. United States acts as the global power that other states depended on due to their increased capacity, will, and international acceptance to provide leadership. Due to globalization, many decisions of sovereign states are based on judgments of their allies, friends, and even enemies (Elmawazin, Sherif & Manga, 2013).In technological perspective, globalization has allowed barriers between states to be broken through technological globalization. The states role has changed due to the formation of an

The 'American Splendor' Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Essay

The American Splendor Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Successfully Adapted from Harvey Pekars diverting Book - Essay ExampleHarvey points out for instance, relating to photography versus hand-drawn images, that the difference is fundamental between the two. The latter be manual creations, while the latter are machine creations, being photographs. Now Harvey says that in essence machines allow limitations in terms of not being able to occasion what hands can image wise. Machines are constrained to redeem nature, and not the creations of hands (Harvey, 1996, p. 175). Lefevre on the other hand says the same thing, and adds that the photography in strike implies movement, whereas in drawn images the default is that of static frames. This presents fundamental problems in comment drawn images as photographed moving images (Lefevre, 2007). Hight essentially deflects those objections via a discussion on genres and treatment. classifies American Splendor as a period of play-docume ntary, and the work itself has its focus both the art of Harvey Pekar, as reflected in the absurd which has an eponymous title, or has the same name as the author, as well as the comic itself. Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key computer address and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on select. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey.... Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key character reference and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on film. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey. The answer to the objections raised by Lefevre and Harvey, in other words, is the choice of the drama documentary and all that the genre implies in terms of filming technique and overall approach to film making, and Pekars own vision of his art work as the rendering of images the same way that photographers take pictures realistically (Hight, 2007 Lefevre, 2007 Harvey, 1996). With regard to knave layout for the comic and the image on one screen, Lefevre says that this is a problem because in comic books the reader dictates the pace and the images are at closer proximity to them. In film, the watcher has to move along in the pace dictated by the movie. The watcher is unable to leaf through pages like in comic books, linger on a page. The experience is not the same (Lefevre, 2007). Harvey says the same thing, that one page on a comic does not equate to several sequences in a film, or that on that point are difficulties in rendering unto the movie image, moving, a single comic page that can watch a series of movements or a meaningful snapshot of events (Harvey, 1996, p. 176). To this objection Hight ba sically says that the unique rendering of the film essentially means that the film is able to bridge the gap between the page layout of the film and the single image of the screen. To this he presents the case for the way the film makes use of a hybrid

Children With Cerebral Palsy and Genetic Disorder Assignment

Children With Cerebral Palsy and Genetic Disorder - Assignment ExampleThe present seek has identified that the work Quality of life of parents of children with rational palsy is a cross-sectional design with a control group. It is not experimental in the sense that cerebral palsy is inflicted on the subjects. Instead, a post-test reckon is apparent, where the post-results of the effects of having cerebral palsy are examined. The authors wanted to know the differences and similarities in the quality of life conditions amongst parents with children who have cerebral palsy and parents who have healthy children. The authors chose the right research design because they aimed to know how cerebral palsy affects the parents, instead of children with cerebral palsy per se. The author has rightly presented that through the comparative approach, they can fasten these differences and similarities and make deductions from the data. Sample Size 40 parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 6-17 years. The control group was dispassionate of 40 parents of healthy children (27 mothers and 13 fathers). Sample characteristics They are parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 6-17 years. These children were treated at the Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation of the Medical University of Bialystok. Their cerebral palsy conditions are as follows spastic tetraplegia - 18 (45%), spastic hemiplegia (hemiplegia spastica) -15 (37.5%), spastic diplegia (diplegia spastica) -7 (17.5%).

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay ExampleIt is in any case historic to furrow that volunteering and putting yourself out there can help in the development and advancement of skills and knowledge that is self-assertive in leadership. For instance, health professionals deal with patients with different understanding capabilities and hence advanced communication skills ar essential in order to identify and make sure these patients understand you.Allison Polinski, your strategies to incorporate your strengths in leadership are also spot-on. Training or providing learning opportunities for staff can help align their practices with our strengths. For instance, one of your strengths is learner. In other words, you are always open to new ideas and therefore, providing learning opportunities for the staff will give you an witness to also absorb new ideas. Creating a performance improvement police squad would also be important for you as a leader in an effort to improve safety and quality of services. An effective team can help you align your strengths with the needs of the organization. In this regard, the team can focus on your strengths and contemplate strategies that ensure that the strengths will be effectively utilized. In so doing, employees will follow through and also utilize their best qualities in an effort to achieve organizational objectives (Buckingham,

Gas line explosion in Fresno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gas line plosion in Fresno - bear witness ExampleDuring the explosion, at least 11 people were injured. Most of the victims were inmates who were near the onrush site. In this case, the inmates had been designate cleaning and maintenance duties at the firing range (Marcum & Therolf, 2015). However, three other inmates were unhurt. Firefighters assigned to put taboo the explosion revealed that, the blaze blackened front loader and formed a crater at the site. The explosion however did not create property damage in the area.Although there were no indications that the PG&E friendship had a hand in the fiery accident, the Fresno County Sheriffs are investigating the companys natural-gas operations. Extensive exam is conducted due to the companys natural-gas operations that killed at least 8 people after the San Francisco blast in San Bruno suburb (Marcum & Therolf, 2015). On the other hand, the National Transportation Safety Board is blaming PG&E preventive practices and Iax lapse by cite regulators especially for this occurrence. The State regulators had earlier leveled the biggest-ever fine against utility in the state to cost at least $1.6 billion. This was against PG&E for its role in the Bruno blast (Marcum & Therolf, 2015).Catastrophic pipeline emergencies bide rare. However, with the increasing pipeline catastrophes across the United States, adequate preparation and responses remain important in minimizing heart and property risks from pipeline emergencies. To plan effectively for pipeline catastrophes, it is important that destiny responders understand how best the emergency response works. Additionally, the authorities in charge must use resources and tools available in assisting with disaster set and response. Excavators and pipeline organizations must always coordinate before digging. Communities must also consider implementing some of the recommended practices by the PIPA. Most of these recommendations address on people and property protecti on. They also

Standardisation of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution using Lab Report

Standardisation of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution using Ferrous ammonium ion Sulphate (Ammonium Iron (II) Sulphate) - Lab Report ExampleThe reaction between these two chemical moieties is a typical Redox reaction in which electron exchange takes place as depicted beneath9.8 grams of Ferrous Ammonium sulphate was carefully weighed and transferred to a volumetric flask. 150 milliliters of Sulphuric Acid was added to sustain hydrolysis and the mixture was stirred until the solid dissolved completely. The volume was made up to the mark with de-ionized water. 25 milliliters of the issue was removed from the flask with a pipette and titrated with the KMno4 solution until the first appearance of permanent pink colour. At the endpoint all of the Fe2+ has been used up (reacted) and the purple permanganate is no longer converted to colourless Mn+2 so the pink colour remains and the reaction solution will have a permanent pink tinge to it (Web, Undated). A second titration was performed to substantiate data for analysis and reduce kitchen range for error.The strength of the un cognize Potassium permanganate solution in this reaction is calculated by titrating it a known molar solution of Ferrous Ammonium sulphate which provides us with the molarity of the KMnO4 solution.This experiment proves that when molar piece of writing of one chemical composite is known, and we can have a physical end point in a redox reaction with visible colour change, we can standardize the strength of an unknown compound by using the technique of volumetric

Autism College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Autism College - Essay ExampleAutism is the best recognized and most frequently occurring act upon of a group of derangements collectively known as the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). It is diagnosed on the basis of subnormal complaisant development, abnormal communicative development, and the presence of narrow, restricted interests, and repetitive activity, along with limited imaginative cogency (Baron-Cohen 1999). Autism is the result of an abnormality in the structure and function of the brain. Although technology still does not allow researchers to light upon much of how establishment cells grow or come together in the brain, or how information is passed from nerve to nerve, there is increasing evidence that the problems associated with autism and the other forms of PDD are the result of structural differences in the brain that nobble during pregnancy--either due to something that injures the brain or due to a genetic factor that interferes with typical brain f estering (Frith 1993).The capacity to understand that others think the same way you do is a capacity called system of mastermind. Autistic children are very slow to develop even a partial theory of mind, and legion(predicate) never really develop it at all. Hand-leading is also used by other language-handicapped children, and by deaf(p) children, but when they hand-lead, they combine gaze between the parent and the object with the hand-leading, making it a more social activity. Closely related to the observation that autistic children do not point or develop a theory of mind at the usual time is the observation that autistic children lack social referencing. genial referencing is an early form of social behavior that every parent recognizes Usually social referencing first appears when the botch up is about six to eight months old. The theory of mind suggests that the key social, communicative and imaginative impairments which characterize this disorder result from an inabilit y to represent mental states (Frith et al 1994, p. 108). In idea about the nonverbal intercourse of an autistic child, it is important to distinguish between nonverbal cues that the responsive parent just knows how to read (like a little boy who keeps playing, but holds the front of his pants when he has to go potty) versus intentional messages that the child is direct to the adult (like a little boy who looks at his mom with a pained expression and wiggles up and down while holding the front of his pants). True nonverbal communication involves a type of mind-reading--knowing that what youre thinking is somehow going to be conveyed to someone else through you facial expressions or gestures, and without the use of words. The main restriction of this theory is that simply put, a theory of mind is the belief or theory you hold that others exact a mind capable of understanding things the same way your mind does. A lack of theory of mind results in unawareness of others thoughts and feelings, and so contributes to the lack of interest on the part of autistic children in sharing their triumphs and failures with significant adults (Frith and Happe, 1994). Another theory of autism is the extreme male brain theory. The model depends on the judgement of there being a male brain, defined psychometrically (Baron-Cohen 1999, p. 24). Researchers suppose that females and males and differ in scholarship females are show faster levels

Lerning orgnistion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Lerning orgnistion - quality Study ExampleIn this context, the key strtegic mngement question is, wht strengths must n orgniztion develop to remin relevnt nd competitiveThis contextul shift, implies tht the competitive dvntge, regular(a) survivl, of enterprises depends on their bility to lern fster thn their competitors nd to pply or embed lerning in systems, processes, nd prctices. It is understndble tht concepts such s ction lerning, tem lerning, orgniztionl lerning, work-bsed lerning nd cross-culturl lerning hve become centrl focus.It is the purpose of this pper to ssist in bridging the gp by suggesting prcticl pproch to workplce lerning tht is think with orgniztionl objectives nd integrted with stand out mngement. The pper develops the models of orgniztionl lerning nd work-bsed lerning s well s provides the discussion of differences in these 2 pproches. The brriers to work-bsed lerning re covered in the cse study tht criticlly demonstrted the pproch of orgniztionl lerning nd project-bsed lerning on the exmple of prticulr orgniztion.This pper hs two prts. ... e, even survivl, of enterprises depends on their bility to lern fster thn their competitors nd to pply or embed lerning in systems, processes, nd prctices. It is understndble tht concepts such s ction lerning, tem lerning, orgniztionl lerning, work-bsed lerning nd cross-culturl lerning hve become centrl focus. It is the purpose of this pper to ssist in bridging the gp by suggesting prcticl pproch to workplce lerning tht is linked with orgniztionl objectives nd integrted with project mngement. The pper develops the models of orgniztionl lerning nd work-bsed lerning s well s provides the discussion of differences in these two pproches. The brriers to work-bsed lerning re covered in the cse study tht criticlly demonstrted the pproch of orgniztionl lerning nd project-bsed lerning on the exmple of prticulr orgniztion. This pper hs two prts. Prt suggests model for project-bsed workplce lerning tht integrtes work nd lerning with theory nd prctice within project mngement frme. This pproch drws on the literture relting to cpbility, orgniztionl lerning, nd project mngement. Prt B is cse study of the ppliction of this pproch in n British public sector gency. The lessons lerned my be pplied in other settings nd lso provide opportunities for focused reserch on orgniztionl lerning. Prt perplex of Project-Bsed Workplce Lerning 1. Orgniztionl lerning t lest three dilemms re rised by the literture on orgniztionl lerning whether to develop lerning orgniztion before developing orgniztionl lerning whether to invest considerble led time to develop (or dpt) the preconditions nd co-requisites for trenchant

Business Defamation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Defamation - Assignment ExampleThe causation of the paper states that now as individuals can sue each other for defamatory or vilifying statements, a contending business can take your company to court for making statements. Which are destructive to its business repute. some(a) Salespeople recurrently put side by side the qualities and uniqueness of their product or service with a competitors during the sales presentation. Such comparisons when made are often imprecise or deceptive and from conviction to time tend to insult a companys business standing and deform or belittle its products. These very consider rules govern what an employee can and cannot say about the feeling of hostility that he possess for any competitor. It is a far better choice to hold down your staff and even lose an account or two. Rather than suffer hazard of the advanced costs of having to secure your company in court. This is a profuse position for a business defamation lawsuit. Not actually for defamation, but the case can be turned. And they can be taken to court for the conduct of Misuse of information. As the information was already in the humanity domain. It is more a copyright issue than a defamation one. He would win the case, the reason be what the law and what it actually entails The Supreme Court ploy that the Internet is an only one of its kind mediator at liberty to have the maximum defense, under the speech protection Rights of the First Amendment to the US Constitution. This also gives the Internet free speech defense similar to the defense in print. The Internet is considered the primordial electronic media to accomplish this. For the reason that of having squat barriers to admittance, not having plenty, but loads of speakers, and no gatekeepers. The Communications Decency Act was authorise in February 1996. The CDA forced the broadcast-style content set of laws on the release, change Internet and severely constrained the primary alteration rights of a ll Americans. CDT sturdily disparate this legislation because it endangered the very subsistence of the Internet as a means for gratis expression, edification, and political conversation. Even though well-intentioned, the CDA was ineffective and failed to recognize the unique nature of this global, decentralized medium. The CDA banned redistribution offensive or blatantly unpleasant resources in a public forum on the Internet -- together with net pages, newsgroups, chat rooms, or online discussion forums. (CDA act) Mathew will win against Johnson in the two courts. This case seems to portray a termination, wherein there has been no documentation of the reason why. This is why under the transaction law Mathews can take the company to court and win the case eventually.

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung - Case Study ExampleIt finds out the truth enjoin of the companys performance while measuring stick the case of its processes (Doty, 1996). It helps the managers to understand the level of carrefourivity in each department and operate those processes at full potential. It is beneficial to DAV because it will identify the prize of the forms modify by the customers and inserted by an employee. It would then help the company in monitoring and controlling the processes (Harvard Business School, 2009). Challenges and limitations in applying SPC (Services to manufacturing) More often the use of the statistical process control tool is used in the manufacturing industry, and its use in the service industry rotter be rather challenging because of the intangible product (Trip, Does, & Roes, 1999). Humans are the only source that could be referred to while using offering services. So, measuring the mint is the biggest challenge in the SPC because the com pany has to find out the errors that an employee is committing instead of a machine which is used in the manufacturing industry. It counterbalances it impossible for companies to consider the factors while measuring their performance. ... There was a conflict in judging the quality of the form as right or wrong. Senior managers suggested that forms should not be considered as wrong if small information is missing. 2. Better teams do more sampling There was an issue with some groups that had to increase the audition size which was becoming a burden for some other groups. One group claimed that they had the best accuracy rate of 98% but still they had to increase the sample size (Harvard Business School, 1997). 3. Measuring Lawyers The lawyers that were work in the legal department had problems regarding measuring the legal work of the customer form. They could not decide betwixt a good form and a bad one even while measuring on the scale (Harvard Business School, 1997). 4. Autom atic Charting There was an issue that the group wanted to measure the quality automatically and should develop and IT system that would monitor these forms. They claimed that this method would save them a lot of time and will make the company productive (Harvard Business School, 1997). 5. On the Prowl The associates were beginning to feel hesitant in providing the unblemished results to the senior managers because of their reactions when they find out about the low accuracy rate. They were thinking to work on measuring another type of work which would yield better results to make their senior managers happy. Why problems are occurring and how they can be resolved The solutions and recommendations for the problems are underlined below Better Teams do more sampling As the quality improvement was being tested in 15 different departments of the company each group from those departments showed interest. nevertheless as the quality improvement program continued, it created a lack of in terest. So the company should try to

Describe the laws of thermodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Describe the laws of thermodynamics - Essay ExampleTo understand energy better, there has been that moot called thermodynamics that seeks to study and understand the various forms of energy. First, energy has been defined as the cap readiness of perform some duty, the ability to bring change. Therefore, in order to understand the thermodynamics, there drive home been laws established. These laws try to explain how heat withal called Thermo travels through other forms hence the term thermodynamics. As such thermodynamics connotes the distinct character of heat (Bub, 2001, p. 570). infra the first law, Zeroth Law, we be made to understand that if three bodies ar at equilibrium, then they would have the same character. For instance, three bodies under similar conditions would have same temperatures in a matter of time. The minute law, First Law is understood in the context that some form of energy may be at rest and would be changed if some other force is applied to it. Then we h ave the scrap Law, which seems so difficult to comprehend. It behaves differently under different circumstances (Bub, 2001, p. 572). Lastly, we have the Third Law, which states that there are some things that are totally hard to change for instance cooling something to a particular degree. It is defined that there would be some factors to affect the targeted temperature basing on the already mentioned laws.From the above, it is now important to state the different types of energy. These include fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear energy, wind power, hydropower, and bio-fuel. All these types have their good and bad sides. With fossil fuels, it is easy to establish the plants and extract. They provide efficient and cost effective energy, and they can be located anywhere. Fossils are also easy to find and cheap to extract. However, they are so much of pollutants that they threaten the environment. Harmful gasses go away from minerals causing the destruction of the atmospheric layer s. Further, by getting them from the earth,

Professional Development and Differentiated Instruction Speech or Presentation

Professional Development and Differentiated Instruction - Speech or Presentation ExampleAn introduction to the general theory of cultural strength. Members of staff take notes. Overhead projector spill 35 Minutes PRESENTATION Underachieving students. Social- cultural, physical, and racial prejudices against underachieving students. The role of the curriculum in achieving cultural competency The practise of diametricaliated instruction among students with varying learning capabilities Content Process- grouping of students harmonise to readiness, needs, and interests. Product Use of a tiered lesson plan to meet different learner needs Discussion between the facilitator and the members of staff. Members of staff approach to answer questions asked by the facilitator regarding the application of differentiated instruction. Members of staff begin to draft a sample tiered lesson plan. Overhead projector Handout 10 Minutes CONCLUSION Re go steady of main points discussed Question and answer posing Members of staff ask questions. The facilitator asks the members of staff to finish up on the sample tiered lesson plan and use of goods and services it in their respective lessons. Overhead projector Handout Agenda for members of staff - cultural competency session on professional development 5th July 2012 9 00 a.m Arrival of members of staff. 9 00a.m 9 10 a.m Introduction. ... These characteristics may impact customs, channels of communication, and beliefs. A culturally competent institution or organization should cater for the needs of to each one cultural group to ensure optimal outcomes. The education sector has incorporated the use of cultural competency to cater for those learners who have dismal learning outcomes. In a normal classroom, there are learners with different learning abilities. Some learners grasp concepts very quickly, others have the normal comprehension capacity, and others are slow learners. When the needs of each group of students are no t met, the class ends up having a group of stereotyped as underachievers. In the U.S schooling system, there are those learners who are categorized in the underachievers group. Most teachers, according to Darlene (2007) view these students as lacking in motivation, lazy, high headed, or just indifferent towards academics. This notion, however, could not be make headway from the truth. Underachieving students may have other issues outside their control that make them perform not so tumesce in their academics. These may include social-cultural, physical or ethnic disadvantages that inhibit their potential. The curriculum needs to pull up stakes avenues for the execution of cultural competency policies for all students. The curriculum should cater for all races and social-cultural groups, without victimization. A multidisciplinary curriculum according to Darlene (2007) should acknowledge cultural differences, while promoting inter-cultural development. The teacher should address the needs of differentiated students by promoting communication and social function of each and every student in the lesson. All

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Energy Drinks - Essay ExampleThe intake of the energy drinks therefrom is seen to reduce the number of accidents that take place every year. More lot are encouraged to part the drinks rather than taking drinks that are alcoholic. It is true to say that the intake of the energy drink has gone up in many parts of the world. The reason for this is that most people are welcoming the drinks intake to a greater extent and more as compared to the intake of alcoholic beverages. We can, therefore, say that since the energy drinks are not alcoholic, they have sound more and more popular in the reduction of accidents. The fact that the energy drinks are seen to be do of low-carb also gives them a major advantage in the market. This means that on the intake of the drink, the whole physical structure is filed up and the brains function is boosted. The consumer, therefore, gains the ability to carry out tasks they couldnt carry out in the universal states of their bodies. Non-carbohydrate d iets are said to be ketogenic. The meaning of this is that thy cause the body to go into a state of ketosis. When a human body is said to go into a ketosis state, it means that the body fats, as salubrious as the dietary fats, are converted into ketone bodies thus fueling the whole of the body to ninety-five percent. The body becomes very officious and the brain becomes very alert causing the person to become more active than they were before the intake of the drink. All the positive effects of the energy drinks result in more people going to the stores and purchasing the drinks.

Corporate social responsibility influence consumers behavior Dissertation

embodied social responsibility influence consumers behavior - Dissertation ExampleThe presentation and discussions of variables that were collected by ingestion of the questionnaire are therefore undertaken below. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Information Gender of Respondents From the responses that were received, it was found upon sorting of responses according to the sexual activity or sex of respondents that forty three (43) of the respondents were females whereas eight (8) respondents were males. From the data, it can be said that there was an emotionlessness on the side of the males when it comes to responding to customer behavior related questions as the ratio of males to females is more than than 15. In relation to the literature reviewed, it can be said that there are more females who are more enthused about keeping a specific shop (customer) behavior as compared to males. Age of Respondents Two major(ip) categorizations were provided for respondents to choose from in t erms of their ages. From the coding that was done, it was realized that a specified pattern as shown in the age groupings of respondent. From the responses, it can be noted that there were more respondents at bottom the age group of 18 to 24, which had as many as 43 call ups as compared to those aged 25 to 34 within just 8 call ups. This trend could actually suggest that M&A has more adolescent customers as compared to older customers. Among other reasons, the fact that most products and services offered by the company are extremely oriented for tertiary education students who often fall in the age group of 18 to 24 (Burke et al, 2006). Employment Status of Respondents Respondents were asked to indicate as part of the general and demographic information, their employment status. The responses that were sampled have been presented in the table below. Employment Status trope of Respondents Percentage Part time student 1 1.86 unspoiled time student 45 83.3 Un engaged 3 5.56 Part t ime employed 2 3.702 broad time employed 3 5.56 Retired 0 0 Total 54 100 From the table, it can be seen that as many as 83.3% of the respondents were full time students. This is a direct confirmation of literature that M&S is more popular among tertiary education students because of the line of products and services that the company offers. Other lend factors to this are the strategic location of shops undertaken by M&A in various university campuses as a marketing strategy (Weber, 2010). 5.56% each were unemployed and full time employed workers whiles 3.7% were part time employed workers. There was 1.86% part time student with no retiree answering to the questionnaire. Average income of respondents A throw away was set for the average yearbook earning or income of respondents. The range was given ?10,000 interval and responses from participants is represented below. Annual income Number of Respondents Percentage 0 to 10,000 45 88.24 10,001 to 20,000 3 5.88 20,001 to 30,000 3 5.8 8 30,001 to 40,000 0 0 Over 40,000 0 0 Retired 0 0 Total 51 100 The table shows that greater parcel of respondents too an annual salary of ?10,000 or less. Their percentile is given as 88.24 whereas those who took more than ?10,000 but less than ?20,000 had a percentage representation of 5.88%. The same percentage was recorded for those taking between ?20,000 and ?30,000. Based on literature that shopping activities are common among people who make average minimum wage

Neural basis of game theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

queasy basis of game scheme - Essay ExampleVarious neurobiologists research employs the use of game theory to investigate the neural foundation of ratiocination making and proposes that the social characteristics of social decision making mirrors the purposes of the understanding areas that responds to reward evaluation and reinforcement learning. The game theory appears as having growingary and harvest-tide stages that end up affecting the reasoning of different groups of people (Glimcher, 288).Game theory situation involves the process of decision making, where the results figure on the choice made by the players in question. The word game comes from any occurrence with banish or positive outcomes influenced by the choice made by the player while sometimes the decision is based on chance (Glimcher, 290).The game theory evolved from different studies done by different researchers oer a period of time. In 1921, a French mathematician named Emile Borel, issued numerous papers tackling the theory of games using poker as exhibition. Later in the course of study 1928 another paper by John Von Neumann was published. Subsequently, the course of study 1944, John Von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern collaborated and discovered the theory of games and economic behavior. There appears a significant level of growth in the theory of games when, Prisoners dilemma comes into play in the year 1950, which introduced the dominant dodging theory. The 1953 marks the introduction of the answer to non cooperative games which comes in play as a result of evolution of Nash equilibrium. In the years 1970, the theory gains extensive application and biology with the growth of evolutionary game theory. The year 2007 marks its extensive use in almost field for decision making intentions the software that tracks prevail over terrorists uses the theory of games (Glimcher, 305).The theory assumes that the player appears rational

Introduction to Communication in Health Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Communication in Health Essay force 1 Understand why chat is important in the work setting? People transfer to give and receive discipline i.e. Child A has eaten a piece of toast during snack time, as child A doesnt usu all(prenominal)y do this we informed the arouses of the childs progress at the end of our preschool session. People likewise give notice (of) to give and receive instructions e.g. Child A has a lactose intolerance and thusly dismiss only eat Soya milk at snack times ,It is therefore lively that all staff follow these instructions. People in like manner communicate to express any needs that they have in our preschool setting we have all weather outdoor play time so it is immanent that all children have a suitable outdoor coat hat, gloves and Wellington boots.2. Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work?See more how to start an essay Being able to communicate with all individuals within our preschool setting help s to build a good foundation and understanding between us. better-looking information in a clear manner that is understood by the recipient to ensure that the information is received in the right way, also victorious the time to heed to other peoples points of view and concerns, And ensuring that we comely any needs or concerns that these partys may have. For children this means constantly talking to them at there level giving good eye contact and re-assuring facial expressions and body language. Giving them enough time to listen and process things that you say or ask of them and giving adequate time for a response, whenever appropriate usingpositive tones to your voice. For parents using all available communication methods, from face to face communication, to telephone parleys or write in the childs home school book. Using first names where ever possible and listening to and respecting the views of the parent/carer. Always re-assuring a parent that our first priority will al ways be there child. For our colleagues always have conversations in appropriate places, Give eye contact and correct body language also listen and be respectful of other peoples point of views and opinions. In our preschool setting we have many multilingual children and as English isnt there first language we use many different techniques to ensure they can understand what we are saying or asking them to do. During our snack time we count in all the childrens first languages, Chinese and Malayalam and use both pictures and hand signs to help the Children understand.Child A was doing an animal enigma and showed me a pig piece I said Thats a pig and made the noise squeal, oink whilst making a snout with My hand at my nose.3. Explain why it is important to observe an individuals response When communicating with them? It is important to watch how people react to see how they are feeling and whether they understand the conversation or instructions you are giving to them. You can se e if a person is comfortable by there body language, facial, Expressions and tone of there voice. We must use these skills to read both adults and children alike. Also taking in to account that different expressions can have different meanings in other cultures.

Chinese martial arts Essay Example for Free

Chinese soldierlike arts EssayShamis route to Shaolin is a tralatitious jump performed by the Kung Fu Monks of Shaolin. Dance exists in many an(prenominal) forms and can fulfil different functions rite, social or artistic. This particular dance fits into the religious rite and artistic function. When performed and practised, ritual dance serves a strong function in sustaining the life of people through the finishing and its procedures. fine dance is performed to be looked at and to entertain onlookers. The work itself can also be a representation of expressing ones thoughts and feelings (Snook. B, 2004, p47-49).This essay will prove that the ritual function is close to paramount in Shamis Way to Shaolin. The antediluvian patriarch collection of Chinese martial arts referred to as Shaolin Kung Fu was created by a Buddhist Monk called Bodhidharma or Tamo who attempted to teach the monks of Shaolin the discipline of Zen meditation. They were not physically capable for t he rigorous regime so he then continued to create a series of exercises to build up their health and growing their stamina (History of Shaolin Kung Fu, N/D, para 2).The exercises were both physiological and physical the goal being to control the system through the power of the mind (The History of the Shaolin Monastery, 2008, para 1). The martial arts were developed out of sine qua non as the monks had to defend the monastery from thieves who tried to rob them of their treasures (History of Shaolin Kung Fu, N/D, para 3). Today, Shaolin Kung Fu is still practised and used for self-defence, health, fitness, grapheme development, spiritual cultivation and life enrichment (Aims and Objectives of Practising Kung Fu, ND, para 3, 4 and 6).The ritual function is clearly the most predominant function in the military operation of Shamis Way to Shaolin, because of the great history and meaning of Shaolin Kung Fu to the Buddhist monks and the way it is performed. The dance components in Sh amis Way to Shaolin clearly fulfil the ritual function of dance due to the culture and beliefs represented. The dancers argon all male Chinese Buddhist monks and they are wearing traditional outfits. The orange robes are date back centuries and were originally chosen because of the dye available at the time.They are meant to symbolize simplicity and drug withdrawal of materialism (Exotissimo, 2010, para 1). The dancers are respecting themselves and others as they all bow together at the beginning of the performance and stand in a meditation position on one leg before dancing. The thin, woody poles used in the performance of Shamis Way to Shaolin are martial art weapons used for defence. The monks are representing themselves as warriors protecting their beloved monastery which is part of their history.This is realised as the stage is representing the exterior of their monastery with large doors opening outside to steps which lead prevail overwards and have 2 Chinese statues guar ding them. The movements of the Shaolin monks are also very sagacious and aggressive. They shout HA loudly together on particularly strong movements as a archetype signal and to show it is their territory and monastery. This is a feature of speech of ritual dance as the performance is personation a function. The dancers engage themselves entirely on the performance using immense concentration and focus.Repetition, a characteristic of ritual dance, is used as the monks repeatedly twirl their poles and bang them on the ground. The ritual function is most predominant as the Buddhist monks are dancing for themselves for enlightenment as well as for their culture and beliefs. There are also dance components that fulfil the artistic function of dance within Shamis Way to Shaolin. It is choreographed and performed onstage for an audience. The dance begins with a loud gong and then fast-paced, traditional music is played which is pennywhistle and chiming.The music is played to assist t he audience in understanding and enjoying the performance. The monks mostly all dance together in sync at the same time, the majority of the time in a 3 cracking lined formation facing the audience. This is an artistic element because the dancers have practised their routine so that it would be appealing to watch. A smoke machine is used when the male dancers enter onto the stage and go down the steps which provide levels within the performance.Levels are again used during the dance because they are regularly leaping, crouching and jumping. At the end most of them go to either side and sit while watching 2 monks drive dance with poles in the middle. These components are all used for the benefit of the audience and the overall effectiveness of the dance. because the dance is also clearly fulfilling the artistic function. The ritual and artistic functions are seamlessly combined in this dance. The artistic function includes music, formations, cannons and levels.The ritual function is more complex representing their culture and beliefs with the dancers being Buddhist monks, wearing traditional outfits, doing meditation and Martial Arts/Kung-Fu etc. Together the two functions create an unforgettable production with the ritual being the most predominant. Bibliography Exotissimo Blog (December 21, 2010) online Why do Buddhist monks wear orange robes and shave their heads? http//www. exotissimo. com/ intercommunicate/buddhist-monk/ (13/03/2013) DVD Shamis Way to Shaolin. 2001. (Live show video recording) South Australia, IMS Entertaining SA.Schaffhausen Book Snook. B, (2004) Dance Count Me In, McGraw hammock PTY LTD (p47-49) Shaolin Kung Fu History (date unknown) online ChinatownConnection. com http//www. chinatownconnection. com/shaolin-kung-fu-history. htm (date accessed 2/03/2013) The Aims and Objectives of Practising Kung Fu (date unknown) online General Kung Fu Aims http//www. shaolin. org/general/kungfu-aims. html (date accessed 2/03/2013) The Mystical pow er of Shaolin Kung Fu (2008) online The History of the Shaolin Monastery http//www. shaolinmonksinmalta. com/ (date accessed 2/03/2013).

See the Truth, Perceive the Lie Essay Example for Free

See the Truth, Perceive the Lie judgeNietzsche explains nature as an overall relative to humans he proposes a potent and significant write up of the development of language and the realization of concepts. He achieves this by exploiting the successive effects on human aw areness. He suggests that originally humans were an artistically creating subject as he puts it. Whose essential human determination is the device of metaphors? Due to evolution, humankind developed a capacity to mind, distrust, remember, and control.Humans were driven by instincts which established themselves instanter into inventive sounds, gestures and metaphors. Humans at that placeof signify the motivation, which ultimately develops into the base of language. As a result, humans fake this metaphor of understanding a stimulus, which may well vary from ane to a nonher as it is all subjective. The ossification of language begins, these instinctual sounds are combined and expanded by break through a c ommunity, and arise to turn into legitimate and solid contrives which in sequence combine into a progressively established language.In much(prenominal) manner, language turns into an unyielding, sum of common notions, perceptions, and ideas. Now, as soon as the reader gets comfort able-bodied with Nietzsches horizon of language. Everything changes, language arbitrates amongst the human perception and the reality being intellectd, this transition happens when he explains that, in articulate for us to further study the development of concepts.We need consider that every concept arises from the equation of unequal things which he considers cases which are never equal and thus altogether unequal, in other words, every word immediately be con pull in tos a concept exactly to the extent that it is not intended to function as a reminder of the sole and fully individual unique experience to which it owes its source but it would be best to say, a word converts into a concept in that i t all together has to fit a uncounted more or less related cases, in which situation if I consider only the boundaries proposed by Nietzsche, I conclude in harmonizing with his point of view.In addition to constructing language, humans likewise fix concepts for everything they come across. Nietzsche describes that concepts are groupings wherein the mind unconsciously collects analogous matters into, despite the fact that actually, each person is sole and individualized. Nietzsche gives the pattern Just as it is certain that iodin leaf is never totally the same as another, so it is certain that the concept leaf is formed by arbitrarily discarding these individual differences and by forgetting the distinguishing aspects.Wherein one comprehends a leaf, were many wipe out on ever been alike who have similar physiognomies thus we classify each one as a leaf. This in my opinion is tremendously subjective as he proves it. Consider the Platonic realism, or til now, in metaphysics, a universal. Where it is explained what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities by Plato these are inherit to our existence and just scaled to what is grasped. But for Nietzsche, humans clutch everything in order to have a certain kind of organization and case inside their personal environment, crafting yet an additional sense of truth.In distinction to the unexpected, unsettled realm of sense, in Nietzsches view, the structure of ideas exhibits solid uniformity and breathes place in reason the power and coolness which characterizes mathematics. As Nietzsche declares, no one who has sensed this calm blow up of reason exit hardly be certain that even the concept that is as bony, foursquare, and transposable as a die is nonetheless just the residue of a metaphor , and that the impression which is involved in the creative conversion of a nerve stimulus into images, is the foundation of every single concept.But in this sense truth means never violating the order of caste and class rank. This relation of math, logic, and reason with truth is the only case were I wholly come to an agreement with Nietzsche, and wish to point out the importance, especially of math, as a tool used to understand the surrounding area. Nietzsche reasons that concepts do not find in nature for the reason that each solitary creature and object is individualized and sole in one way or another and as a result, cannot be considered an additional foundation of truth.Essentially, Nietzsche trusts that we ought to take every incentive and consider it according to its distinct features as an alternative of grouping them into concepts. The conceptual order is stratified by a pyramidal order according to castes and degrees, the creation of a new world of laws, privileges, subordinations, and clearly marked boundaries. The conceptual direction challenges humanity as more dense, more general, better recognized, a new world.This new world as Nietzsche describes seeks a new realm and another roadway for its activity, and it finds this in myth and in art generally. This determination constantly puzzles the conceptual categories and groups by take onward new changes, metaphors, and metonymies. It persistently shows a passionate need to alter the world which presents itself to humans, so that it will remain as colorful, irregular, lacking in results and coherence, charming, and eternally new as the world of dreams.But thither is one detail left unnoticed by Nietzsche. The tendency of humans to rule over ones kind. Governments, religions, all bring forth ranks, classes, castes. Every human under such parent, directly or indirectly is never able to freely sense truth in its most accessible form so to build upon it, which results in the imprisonment and trickery forced upon such humans into building up on virtual, man-made truths. Nietzsche considers this environment of fixed concepts is in need of an insolent, inventive reply.But man has an invincibl e inclination to allow himself to be deceived D and is, as it were, enchanted with happiness when the rhapsodist tells i him epic fables as if they were true, or when the actor in the theater acts more royally than any real king. So ample as it is able to deceive without injuring, that master of deception, the intellect, is free it is released from its former slavery and celebrates its Saturnalia. he endorses an existential gallantry that declines the power of the conceptual order, its sanctions and embargos, and its inevitabilities.This transition is one from sanction to character. The artistic determination is not strictly get the better of but hardly restrained. In other words, this enormous charter and laying of concepts to which the penurious man grips his broad(a) existence so that he may reserve himself is but a framework and puppetry for the most courageous acts of the freethinking intellect. In a few words, I myself do not completely agree with Nietzsche on the matter of language and concepts.If for example we take into consideration any other intelligent species on our major planet besides humans, we can clearly note that a form of communication exists between them, and furthermore at that place exist a primitive form of conceptualization. If for example dogs are considered, it is evident that dogs are clearly able to communicate with each other, even with humans at some degree this could be a form of language (for them). Again dogs, can obviously distinguish a car from a human, they can even tell apart humans from one to another as a dog will not attack his thrower, or even the owners friends and family, when guarding the house.In my opinion this butt againsts how it is natural to manifest language and concepts, which shows that it is natures choice to be projected to us in such manner. Nietzsches sole target, in my understanding, is to demonstrate that language, concepts, truths, and lies are all unreal, just a view, since humans were the ones who fashioned language and in sequence, concepts, which in Nietzsches opinion do not truly exist in nature. Instead, we use it to sort and organize our own surroundings while using it as a way to cooperate with other humans.But if we genuinely wish to be so subjective about our surroundings then even Nietzsche is wrong. If we really aspiration to judge what is true and what is not, then we should consider a higher form of perception, our brain itself. We see through our eyes, but are these images the actual view of this world? We hear with our ears, but are these sounds really there? We smell with our nose, but is this the actual scent? We feel when we touch, but is there really something there?

Why to Kil a Mockingbird Was Banned Essay Example for Free

Why to Kil a flouter Was proscribed EssayTo protrude a Mockingbird by Harper Lee was publish on July 11, 1960 and was an contiguous bestseller. It won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961 and was voted best novel of the century by the Library Journal. With more than thirty million copies in print, To Kill a Mockingbird remains a bestseller. Regardless of all told the praise, this novel has been illegalise and challenged in many different areas due to profanity and racial slurs.To Kill a Mockingbird was challenged and temporarily banned in Eden Valley, Minnesota due to the use of words such(prenominal) as damn and whore lady. In some other areas, it was challenged with being a filthy, meretricious novel. In Warren, Ind. Township schools this novel was challenged because the book does psychological damage to the positive integration cultivate and represents institutionalized racism under the guise of good literature. This novel was also challenged and/or banned in many other school districts due to the use of the word nigger, profanity, and other racial slurs. Some districts also claimed that this novel is degrading to African Americans.When a letter to the editor was written by a Richmond, Virginia area school board in attempts to ban To Kill a Mockingbird as immoral literature, Lee responded by saying Recently I have received echoes mess this way of the Hanover County civilise Boards activities, and what Ive heard makes me wonder if any of its members can read. Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a regulation of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.To hear that the novel is immoral has made me count the years between now and 1984, for I have yet to come across a wear out example of doublethink. I feel, however, that the problem is one of illiteracy, not Marxism. Therefore I enclose a nice contribution to the Beadle Bumble Fund that I hope will be used to enroll the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice. Although To Kill a Mockingbird is her only published novel, Lee has been the recipient of many honorary degrees. However, she has always declined to make a speech. To this day, To Kill a Mockingbird is still challenged in many different areas.

As Psychology Locus of Control Essay Example for Free

As Psychology Locus of Control EssayDiscuss the role of locale of view as on autarkic behaviour. (12 marks) Locus of control refers to a persons perception of personal control over their knowledge behaviour. on that point atomic number 18 two types of locus of control knowledgeable and external. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals timbre they be in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals intent their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are not responsible for their own actions. Those with internal locus of control are more(prenominal) likely to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to line up or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more likely to obey and conform. in high spirits internals do not rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High i nternal locus of control has been associate to leadership and individuals with high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups.This whitethorn be because individuals who take righteousness for their own actions feel that they can cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. in that location is lots of investigate evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that people who had gone against the majority and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score high on measures of internal locus of control. This nub they believed they had puzzle out over events in their liveness including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent.Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were disobedient in Milgrams study of obedience shows high inter nal locus of control and social responsibility. Avtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship among locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a low score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This suggests that thither are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control.There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary data that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher bow as they may have only found studies that support their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and effect cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no e thical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity.On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Aschs study and assessed them using the Rotters locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive but did not score differently on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or boost through modelling.Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four participants, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the indivi duals ability to stand firm against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control.Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to admit the results they assume the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have altered their answers to appear more normal or to survive with what they assume the researcher wanted.Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not eternally consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviour it is solid to conclude that it is their personality that solely affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour as well as they tend to conform in certain situations but not in others.

Should Abortion Be Illegal or Legal Essay Example for Free

Should Abortion Be Illegal or jural EssayWhether or not miscarriage should be illegal or not is a precise controversial issue. Abortion is a very personal bailiwick and people have many polar opinions about it. Reasons for or against an abortion could be rape, money issues, religious views, and or young motherhood. An ground for the prolife positioning would be that life begins at conception. With that being said some people would consider it murder and an operate of taking a life if abortion was chosen.On the contrary to that detail would be that almost all(a) abortions happen in the first trimester, when the fetus domiciliatet exist and isnt alive yet. just about women (88 share) who get an abortion have it go ine in the first trimester. nearly people would consider abortion a safe checkup procedure. Studies have shown that thithers only a 0. 5 percent risk of any serious medical complications as well as any problems with future pregnancy. Some people would argu e against that saying that having an abortion would cause depression and stress.Also its been said that having an abortion would lead to a greater risk of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease. For the cases of rape and incest, theres the 72 hour pill that can be taken or other medical care that can be taken to ensure no pregnancy will happen. Some teens though cant get their hands on the pill because you have to be eighteen or older to get it. Most teens wouldnt have been financially prepared for a child or be able to get their hands on contraceptives.People with religious views can be against abortion and argue that a child is gods gift and shouldnt be tampered with. Tampering with A creation of God would lead to unwanted memories. To argue with that statement, some people dont believe in God and dont have any religious views. Therefore, monkey with Gods gift by getting an abortion cant be turn up cause theres no scientific evidence of a God. Another against abortion ar gument could also be that if abortion is illegal that means there would be more back driveway abortions.Back alley abortions can kill the mother or cause plenty complications. The contrary to that point would be that theres plenty of other ways to get rid of your baby. Also, people sound off abortion shouldnt be used as a form of birth control. Its said to be better for society to have babies aborted instead of having them be raised poor, where the child will suffer and be put through problems, and do crimes. There are many couples in the world who want to bring in a child, and have been waiting for years.Those children who are adopted have a chance to do hefty in life and succeed. In conclusion, there are many different viewpoints on whether abortion should be legal or illegal. Some people think that its a womans body, and nada should be able to tell her what to do with her baby. While others think that having an abortion is murder no matter what the circumstances are. One thi ng is for sure though, not everyone will agree on a finality one-hundred percent.

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay Example for Free

Organic vs Non-Organic EssayI. entre Thesis Statement People should consume thoroughgoing foods because they have more(prenominal)(prenominal) nutritious, No pesticides are use on them, No hormones or antibiotics are utilise in their production A. Major Proposition or precede (before because) People should consume organic foods B. beginning(a) Minor Proposition or presumption (after because) More nutritious. C. 2nd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because) No pesticides are used on them. D. tertiary Minor Proposition or Premise (after because) No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production. II. A. 1st Minor Proposition or Premise (after because)More nutritious B. licence Expert Testimony skirt Eve Balfour philosophic possibility Jeffrey Stephen Wicken Historical Examples N/A Statistics ( journeytoforever. org/farm_library/worthington-organic. pdf) Logic The producers of non-organic food argue that the organic label is a marketing tool. It is non a statem ent about food safety. Nor is organic a value judgment about nutrition or quality. Organic is how it is produced. Just because something is labeled organic does not mean it is superior, safer, or more healthy than conventional foods.All foods in this country must catch the same high standards of safety regardless(prenominal) of their classification C. Opposition of 1st Minor Proposition/Premise There is no licence whatsoever that a diet high in or wholly of organic foods is any healthier for you than a diet of conventional foods, no clear or ordered difference could be found in the nutritional value D. Evidence Expert Testimony Martin Hickman Philosophical Theory Dan Glickman 2004 Historical ExamplesN/A Statistics (http//www. independent. co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food-no-healthier-than-conventional-1764448. html) Logic There is plenty of evidence however that a diverse diet, high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish is healthy E. Refutation(Against) o f Opposition Premise A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the nutrient content of organic vs. conventional foods over the last century III. A. 2nd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because) No pesticides are used on them. B. Evidence Expert Testimony Sir (Dr. ) joke Krebs.Philosophical Theory Ned Goth Historical Examples N/A Statistics http//www. independent.co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food-no-healthier-than-conventional-1764448. html Logic While synthetic pesticides are prohibited in organic farming, some natural pesticides may still be used, and they are not necessarily less worrisome just because theyre natural. C. Opposition of 2nd Minor Proposition/Premise Organic farmers shout to use a combination of techniques to avoid having to resort to using pesticides D.Evidence Expert Testimony Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory Ned Goth Historical Examples N/A Statistics http//ourworld. unu.edu/en/apples-have-feelings-too/ Logic Organic pesticides set up exactly the same sort of environmental and health risks as do non-organic pesticides and often pose more risks than synthetics. E. Refutation(Against) of Opposition PremiseThe difference between organic and synthetic pesticides is not their toxicity to pests, people or the environment, but rather their origin IV. A. tertiary Minor Proposition or Premise (after because) No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production B. Evidence Expert Testimony Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory Ned Goth Historical Examples N/A.Statistics (http//www. independent. co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food) Logic All scientists said it was safe and none of the studies showed the hormone to appear in or alter the milk or meat C. Opposition of 3rd Minor Proposition/Premise Organic milk and non-organic milk are essenti altogethery identical D. Evidence Expert Testimony Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory Robert V. Tauxe, M. D Historical Examples N/A Sta tistics rudiment News 20/20, How good is organic food? , February 20,2000 Logic Hormones appear naturally in all milk, eggs and soy products F.Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise Conventional milk in the US is 100% set-apart of artificial hormones and 99. 999% free of antibiotics. V. Conclusion So is organic food better for you? Well if you consider that change magnitude your toxin burden and increasing your intake of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants can have a significant impact on health, indeed it certainly is. Of course, you have to be able to afford the increase in price, but it might be worth cutting out fast foods and spending your money more wisely on home-made meals.

Organizational paradigms Essay Example for Free

Organizational paradigms EssayEvery organization is different and there is no perfect organizational paradigm that fits an organization in all situations. Even though the most vulgar organizational paradigms argon hierarchies, holarchies, coalitions, teams, congregations, societies, federations, and matrix organizations there are many more kinds that exist which are a confederacy of these with a few extra attributes. What is clear is that all approaches have different characteristics which may be more suitable for some problems and less suitable for others ( Horling Lesser, 2005)I feel that among these organizational paradigms a combination of hierarchical and team based designs offer the best of the attributes. Because, hierarchical structured organizational is one of the oldest and beat tested paradigms with very clear advantages over the other paradigms. A hierarchical organizational design helps putrefaction and that is its major advantages. In addition, hierarchical or ganizations are formed with number of departments each with a hierarchy of its aver and that helps the organization tackle large scale projects and scaling is comparatively easy depending on the need of the situation.They are also the simplest to understand and induction of new employees and their reporting system are comparatively more overbearing and well organized. The trouble with hierarchical systems, however is that they tend to develop bottlenecks and decision making processes tend to oblige longer. That is the reason, for my belief that if the hierarchical organization create teams within itself, it would improve the overall flexibility of the organization and countermand the creation of bottle necks.Because teams are set of employees who work towards a common goal supporting and set up with each other. Whenever a larger problem crops up that cannot be handled by individuals the team can handle care of them and take the organization forward. References Horling Lesser, 2005, A Survey of Multi-Agent Organizational Paradigms, retrieved May 14, 2009 from http//polaris. ing. unimo. it/didattica/cas/L6/Lesser_OrgParadigms. pdf

Evaluation of Maladaptive Behavior Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Maladaptive Behavior EssayMaladaptive behavior is unremarkably observed in sisterren who have raise upd family lives or low self esteem (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). In this case, on that point could be several reasons that the pip-squeak is exhibiting and engaging in maladaptive behavior related to his environment at home. Using a variety of theories of moral development as salutary as a question-answer rating of the p argonnting styles of the childs p atomic number 18nts, the maladaptive behavior seen in the child as well as a solution will try to be understood. Different types of maladaptive behavior are attributed to different problems. small-arm most elevates simply believe that their child is misbehaving, maladaptive behavior is usually classified in groupings much(prenominal) as attention-seeking or revengeful, behavior inappropriateness (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). The child being observed exhibits both types of maladaptive behavior, which faeca l matter most likely be explained by moral development theories and poor parenting.For the behaviors such as tell swear words, throwing food on the floor, drawing on the walls, and screaming in public, it is most likely a result of a self esteem or attention-seeking issue. The child is trying to get in trouble to get attention from the parents (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). The child knows these behaviors are bad as Kohlberg states, younger instruct-aged children tend to think every in terms of concrete, unvarying rulesor in terms of the rules of society(Feldman, 2011 p. 311). However, the child also knows that take part in these behaviors will result in attention from the parents.The child is obviously aware that these locomoteions are non societally accepted because it is likely that they have not observed them in their teachers, parents or other powerful power figures (Feldman, 2011). In this area of maladaptive behavior, it would seem that the parents might have an uninvolv ed parenting style. To determine if this is true, the parents should be asked questions about their involvement with the child and how concerned they are with aspects of his development other than their role as a provider.The by-line questions would suffice Do you believe that your only job is to feed, clothe, and shelter your child? (Feldman, 2011) Is there any child abuse or neglect in the family? (Feldman, 2011) How involved with your child would you say you are on a day-to-day basic, specifically related to disciplining their behavior? (Feldman, 2011) These would all be important to ask because if their answers indicate that they are neglectful, uninvolved in disciplinary as well as other areas of development, or confused on their role as a parent, they may be uninvolved parents.According to the textbook, Children whose parents show uninvolved parenting styles are the worst offtheir parents lack of involvement disrupts their emotional development, leading them to feel unloved( Feldman, 2011 p. 317). This could make them act out in an attempt to get the attention of their indifferent or detached parents.The reasons behind the childs behavior of hitting other children in daycare and ignoring direct commands from parents may be to a greater extent along the lines of revengeful maladaptive behavior as it is intentional causation of harm to another educatee or person (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). According to Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage, which happens in the early years of childhood, believe in immanent justice, the notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment(Feldman, 2011 p. 309). For this child, it is possible that he does not read that his behavior is unacceptable even if he is mad at another student.This is probably the result of permissive parenting by the parents. The student most likely has never known that his behavior is bad because permissive parents such as his provide lax and inconsistent feedbackand place little o r no limits or program line on their childrens behavior (Feldman, 2011 p.316). To determine if this is true of the parents style of discipline the following questions could be asked Do you take care a lot from your child in the areas of behavior? Would you ever be punitive or slide by and consistent in your limits with your child? It they answer that they have few expectations, would rarely limit their children, or are inconsistent with their discipline it is possible that their permissiveness is causing the child to act badly in school and disregard their correction when it is given.Based on the observation of the parenting styles the child sees at home as well as the information from the moral development theories, it is clear that the parents are most likely at find fault for their childs maladaptive behavior. If they want their child to correct his behavior, they should engage in more of import parenting as children raised in this parenting style fare bestare independent, f riendly with peers, and cooperative (Feldman, 2011 p.317). The parent should, as a part of this parenting style, be firm and set clear and consistent limits on their children. Additionally, induction, or discipline paired with explanation, can also be used so the child knows what they did and why it was molest and can correct it in the future (Lee, 2013).ReferencesFeldman, R.S. (2011). Life span development A topical approach. stop number Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Lee, M. (2013, April 1). Class 28 Prosocial Behavior, Values, and Spirituality. GPSYCH 160 Life Span Human growth Section 8. Lecture conducted from James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. Maladaptive Behavior. (2003). Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http//disease.disease.com/Therapy/Behavior/maladaptive-behavior.html

Venture Budgeting and Forecasting Paper Essay Example for Free

game Budgeting and Forecasting Paper riseWrite a 700- to 900-word paper in APA format in which you do the followingIllustrate how your move would perform by estimating the revenue and expense to calculate operating profit or loss. Include estimates of your dissembles main sources of revenue and the expenses expected in the main price categories such as the cost of goods, sales and marketing, labor, rent, maintenance, and any other significant expenses.Illustrate your ventures startup costs by estimating a preopening cipheralso termed development budgetthat includes startup costs such as construct and construction, clear site development, preopening marketing, equipment, merchandise, preopening operations, research and development, working capital, and any other significant preopening expenses. An example of a preopening budget may be found in the materials listed on the course page for the University of Phoenix student Web site for Week Two named Kudler Opening Budget.De velop financial planning goals by illustrating how your venture would be initially funded by using cash on hand, debt, venture capital, or a combination of these. drug abuse a mortgage calculator found on the Internet and calculate your loan payments. Include these expenses in your Operating Budget. Use the information below to help in your calculationsBuilding and Construction Estimation*Remodeling Fees$cc per Square FootNew Building Construction Fees$450 per Square Foot*Multiply square footage of small business by fee for estimation. fire Information10 Year bank Note (Debt)7.5% Interest5 Year Venture Capital Loan15% Interest spokespersons of Profit Split for Venture Capital Partnerships*Example 1Venture Capital investiture 1$300,000Cost to Develop Business 1$1,000,000Venture Capital cyberspace 130% of Business ProfitsExample 2Venture Capital Investment 2$500,000Cost to Develop Business 2$2,000,000Venture Capital Profits 225% of Business Profits*Profit split is commensurate wit h the ratio of investment.

Rehabilitation Of Offenders In British Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay

Rehabilitation Of Offenders In British Criminal Justice System Criminology EssayThe modern mean solar day criminal justice dodge in Britain is ge atomic number 18d at the rehabilitation of offenders so the prison system is not only a means of incarceration to remove the offender from posing any risk of infection to the habitual, only when also a vehicle for preparing the offender for release and re-integration into nine.The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (which has been revise by the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008) prunes out the criteria for dealing with risky offenders and is important to the motor hotel for sentencing purposes. Dangerous offenders atomic number 18 identified by reference to the committee of specified violent and sexual offences set out in Schedule 15 of the Criminal Justice Act. That Act says that a court must de nameine whether there is a significant risk to members of the humankind of serious harm by the commission by him of further offences (Criminal Justice Act, S 229). In a recent case the Court of spell held that in determining dangerousness the court was not confined to considering only admissible evidence and could consider, as it did in the case, an alleged history of violence although the offender did not have convictions (R v Considine and Davis, 2007). Public protection was raise under the Criminal Justice Act by the introduction of a sentence of imprisonment for public protection which ensures that certain offenders atomic number 18 not released until the Parole Board determines that it is safe to do so.Problems arise because although the term dangerous offender is used in a usual way it is in fact exceedingly difficult to predict who is dangerous as respective(prenominal)s transfigure in their behaviour. Not only do individuals vary as between each other so that there are differing degrees and shades of dangerousness but also, on an individual rear, the scope for carrying out dangerous and violent ac ts may vary on a routine basis. The notion of dangerousness is therefore extremely complex in itself and is capable of rouseing on an individual basis whereby assessing and predicting future behaviour can be compared to attempting to mould soft sand into a permanent form. valet de chambre nature can be funda cordially and inherently unpredictable even among stable law unchanging individuals, so when mentally unstable people are added to the melting pot, the decision as to assessing their dangerousness becomes more complex. In the UK, policies addressing those with dangerous and severe personality disorders (DSPD) has expanded considerably in recent years against a minimise that people with personality disorders should not be precluded from accessing services available to the rest of society. The DSPD programme deals with patients who have the virtually severe personality disorders. The DSPD programme offers an intensive multi disciplinary treatment programme based on individual need and comprising a cognitive-behavioural group-based intervention approach with opportunities for social interaction, in ward-based conjunction meetings for example. Specific treatment includes offence-specific groups, such(prenominal) as sex offender group and violence reduction programmes. There has been a shift of policy from placing people with DSPD in prisons into secure hospitals with the National Health Service taking a more fighting(a) role in providing treatment. A smaller number of medium secure and community places have been programmed, but so far the implementation has fallen behind target and the rehabilitation of DSPD patients back into the community clay extremely challenging. Evaluation of the DSPD programme is a work in progress and the impact of this policy on reoffending rates remains to be deduced. Persons assessed as having DSPD must be detained for treatment and discharge from detention is qualified upon a test of public safety as against favourable re sponsiveness to treatment. The link between dangerous behaviour and mental illness remains embedded in public opinion despite the attempts of mental health practitioners to highlight the absence of such a connection. A study of public opinion towards schizophrenic disorder found that 70% of respondents view this group as dangerous (Crisp et al, 2001). Regarding treatment in the community adjacent release from prison or hospital, Leung cites the European judgment of W v Sweden 1988, in which compulsory practice of medicine on discharge from hospital was not a deprivation of liberty and would not impinge obligate 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Leung, 2002).Prison universe of discourse has increased dramatically everywhere the last fifteen years from circa 43,000 at the start of the 1990s (Home Office, 2005a) to in excess of 80,000 today. Although there are numerous reasons given to explain this startling increase, the focus of the public on dangerousness is one suc h explanation. In 2006 a review was conducted which cl submited that prison was the best place for dangerous offenders as it stopped them from re-offending (Home Office, 2006a, p. 32). In 2007 with the creative activity of the Ministry of Justice the preceding approach to detaining dangerous offenders for a long time did not change. On the contrary, the impertinently formed Ministry reiterated that prison places are available to protect the public from dangerous offenders (Ministry of Justice, 2007, p 4).The 1990s immersion with public protection shaped the policies of protecting the public from the risk of serious harm arising from violent offenders and the aim of responding more effectively to the risk of paedophiles and the increase in child sex abuse (Grubin, 1998)Within the UK the population is generally extremely fearful of the level of violent and sexual crime (Ditton Farrell, 2002 Kemshall, 2003). The focus on this pillow slip of crime has been exacerbated by the media and even when crime rates are shown to be falling, the public perception is that they are living in a more violent society. Dangerousness has therefore been widely used to describe an change magnitude amount of offences and has been accompanied with an expectation of more punitive sentences to deal with the increase. Barbara Hudson asserts that there has been a significant shift from doing justice to controlling risks as the goal of law and order and penal strategies (Hudson, 2002 p 101). The modern society is characterised by the increasing scope and influence of the bargain media. The far reaching scrutiny of the global mass media means that the negatives of modern society are reported and in terms of criminal justice, its failings can be exposed. Such exposure is accompanied by cynicism towards expert opinions and the positive effects of legislation ( assortment, 2000).Garland (2001, p178) has depict the space between the community and prisons as having become more strictly en forced stating that Those offenders who are released into the community are subject to much tighter control than previously and conditions that continue to restrict their freedom.the community into which they are released is actually a closely monitored terrain, a supervised space, lacking much of the liberty that one associates with shape life.Commenting on a Panorama programme broadcast in 2006, HM Chief Inspector of Probation state he thought the programme made a fair point when he said that general talk of close supervision and monitoring of offenders can give a misleading impression to the public of the extent of measures taken to prevent them (Bridges, 2007).It is clear in the early stages of this essay that there are opposite views on the nature and extent of monitoring to which dangerous offenders are subjected on their release from prison. Academics like Garland above consider the measures stringent, tantamount to imprisonment within the community, whereas the enforcers o f those measures, probation workers, maintain that it is unhelpful to make it sound as if community service is prison in the community which it plainly is not (Bridges, 2007 p 4).

Workforce Obsolescence

men ObsolescenceThe handout of critical scientific disciplines, i.e., the dis come onance of non-replaceable men, is a task faced by many output sectors tasked with decl atomic number 18ing critical ashess. This problem is normal for organizations that must mete out the DMSMS-type obsolescence problems for hardw atomic number 18, softw be and materials discussed in the other chapters of this book.For some products, the deprivation of worker skills and be derriere be mitigated by simply adjusting hiring lay outs and instituting training of younger workers, however, in other sectors be can be genuinely difficult to replace. This chapter focuses on the going of critical skills that are e truly(prenominal) non-replaceable or apply prohibitively long clocks to restructure.13.1 Defining Workforce ObsolescenceMis containes in the midst of the skills possessed by the men and the skills needed by employers create a number of issues that complicate the long-term manufa cturing and sustainment of systems. These mismatches arrive been separate into the following three general categories skills obsolescence, skill short hop on, and critical skills become flat.Skills obsolescence ( likewise referred to as human capital obsolescence) describes situations in which workers wishing the skills needed to either become employed or bear on employed, (De Grip and Van Loo, 2002). This a lot includes the ingredient of the hands that accept skills, but those skills are obsolete requiring retraining of the worker. Where obsolete skills refer to skills that are no long-dated needed.Skill short geezerhood describes situations where on that point are insufficient available skill competences to fill the unavoidably of an organization, e.g., (Green et al., 1998). Skills short date articulates the need to identify, train and retain the workforce to fill current and expected future skill needs. Skills shortage has many causes including the speed of technol ogy advancement, e.g., (Duan et al., 2002), training and education gaps (Skinner et al., 2004), and can also be the direct of an organizations inability or failure to protect its core skill competencies oer long periods of time or during economic great dealturns (Melymuka, 2002). life-sustaining skills sacking is relevant to this book and is the focus of this chapter. Critical skills bolshie refers to the sack of skills that either can non be replaced or require a prohibitively long time to reconstitute, (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015). In this pillow slip reconstitution of the skills whitethorn require many stratums if possible at every(prenominal). Critical skills loss is a special baptistery of organizational forgetting, i.e., the loss of knowledge gained through learning-by-doing. Organizational forgetting can be caused by labor turn all over, periods of inactivity, and/or failure of an organization to institutionalize tacit knowledge (Brsanko et al., 2010). Critical sk ills loss is a permanent and un forgeting form of organizational forgetting that may be unrecoverable. Critical skills loss (in the context of legacy system arrest) is the chair of long-term (20+ eld) of workforce scrape where highly- flummoxd workers retire without a sufficient number of younger workers to learn their skills and take their place.1 Critical skills loss is not necessarily the go of poor planning or lack of foretaste (and although activity is light, it is not n one(a)xistent) rather it is an inevitable outcome of the organizations dependence on a highly-specialized highly-critical skill discipline for which there is small, but non-zero, demand, (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015). It should be stressed that critical skills loss is a long-term phenomenon it occurs gradually over 20+ long time, i.e., over the span of several generations of management coupled with mergers, acquisitions, and product line changes, critical skills often diffuse and eventually disappear .In the context of this book, the salient issue that defines workforce obsolescence for legacy mission-, infrastructure-, and safety-critical systems is critical skills loss.13.2 How Critical Skills Loss Impacts Systems and Where it Comes FromCritical skills loss is rarely a problem in high-volume low-skill manufacturing applications, e.g., assembly-line workers. For these applications, an beguile workforce approximately always exists or can be readily constructed through training programs. However, managing human skills obsolescence is becoming a significant problem for organizations tasked with supporting legacy systems. These support organizations need to be able to understand, forecast and manage a highly-specialized workforce with potentially irreplaceable skill sets.The system support and management challenges created by the loss of critical human skills have been reported in many industry sectors including healthcare (Waldman, 2004), nuclear office staff (Nuclear Workforce Planning, 2008), aerospace (Testimony of Elliot Pulham, 2002), and other enterprises(Leibold and Voelpel, 2002). In the IT industry, the shortage of mainframe application programmers passd in legacy applications is very problematic, (Goodridge and McGee, 2002) and (Hilson, 2001) in this case the necessary skills are no longer being taught because demand has cutpurseped and younger workers interests are elsewhere. The loss of critical skills is most troublesome for organizations that must provide long-term support for legacy systems. For example, for defense force systems, the loss of critical skills is potentially devastating Even a 1-year delay in funding for CVN-76 aircraft carrier will result in the loss of critical skills which will take up to 5 years to reconstitute through raw(a) hires and training. A longer delay could cause a permanent loss in the skills necessary to maintain our carrier force. (Congressional Record, 1994).The causes of critical skills loss include educ ation and training declines (e.g., universities no longer educate engineers in the programming languages that are used in many legacy systems, (Shead, 2013) younger workers may perceive that certain occupations are in decline, e.g., nuclear power (Nuclear Workforce Planning, 2008) and are therefore demoralized from entering them similarly younger workers may perceive certain occupations as not cutting-edge and therefore not enter them (Ahrens et al., 1995) (Adolph, 1996) younger workers may leave jobs supporting legacy systems to pursue other positions that appear to be more lucrative and exciting ( bet 13-2 in Section 13.3.3 shows an exit age diffusion for a legacy control system) the shrinkage of feeder occupations, e.g., historicly the U.S. Navy has provided highly-skilled workers to the nuclear power industry (Nuclear Workforce Planning, 2008) older workers protecting their jobs by not passing knowledge along to younger workers, e.g., (Andolek, 2011) and fundamental difference s between young and old workers regarding job perceptions (i.e., social and cultural influences) (Goodridge and McGee, 2002).13.3 Quantifying the Impact of Critical Skills LossCritical skills loss impacts the sustainment of mission-, infrastructure- and safety-critical systems. As the human capital that possesses the skills to support a system shrinks, the time that the system is down (non-operational) when the system requires support will increase. Downtime increases lead to increased business interrupt time, which results in a loss of revenue for manufacturing systems. Increases in downtime in the transportation, defense and service industries decreases system availability, which can lead to a loss of revenue, safety compromises, property damage, and loss of life (e.g., emergency vehicle unavailability).In this section, we briefly review the pertinence of some existing places to quantifying the impact of critical skills loss and then describe one modeling burn down that estimate s the financial impact of the problem.13.3.1 Existing ApproachesNearly all of the existing modeling and quantitative treatments address the problem of skills obsolescence, which is a different problem than the critical skills loss problem addressed in this chapter. Most skills obsolescence treatments take aim that workers skills become outdated or are otherwise no longer useful, possibly as a result of automation and other advances in technology. These works focus on the mitigation of skill chemical decomposition reaction in a workforce over time. The nevertheless existing work applicable to critical skills loss focuses on knowledge preservation, i.e., the capture of non-replenishable knowledge, (Joe and Yoong, 2004) (Hailey and Hailey). Some applicable work has also been done on loneliness wave planning (Friel, 2002) however, this work focuses on head count rather than skill content.The modeling performed by Bohlander and Snell (2010) addresses a situation that is similar to cr itical skills loss, however, worker attrition and the greets associated the unavailability of the workers is not considered. In Bordoloi (1999), a model for different skill take workers that enter and exit a company is developed the model takes into account the rate at which the company gains and loses workers. However, the model in(Bordoloi, 1999) does not estimate workers experience as a endure of time and therefore does not determine the impact of critical skills loss on supporting systems. In the planning model developed by Huang et al.(2009) the goal is the determination of an ideal hiring rate using differing worker skill levels. While this model uses workforce simulation and determines the ideal hiring rate, the model does not take into account the approachs incurred by the unavailability of workers.The basis for most workforce planning models is the physical sum of people employed, (Holt, 2011). However, the model developed by Holt, however, does not consider the aging of individual workers over time. There are models that have some applicability to critical skills loss in the forethought workforce planning literature, e.g., (Koochaki et al., 2013) (Martorell et al., 2010) (Ait-Kaki, et al. 2011) and (Ahire et al., 2000). These models focus on optimizing caution scheduling and resource allocation. Maintenance policies have the goal of increase plant or process line availability while concurrently minimizing cost through the well-timed(a) presence (and appropriate skill set) of upkeep workers. Koochaki et al., 2013) points out that alimony workers are usually highly skilled and therefore difficult to recruit and that the efficient and effective use of a scarce precaution workforce is very important. The model in (Koochaki et al., 2013) addresses the impact of limited maintenance workers (i.e., maintenance resource constraints) on the radical of maintenance activities while comparing age-based replacement and condition-based maintenance (CBM ). In (Ahire et al., 2000), the makespan (which is the total length of the schedule) is minimized for a groups of preventive maintenance tasks constrained by workforce availability. Other papers treat the influence of CBM on maintenance scheduling and workforce planning, for examples see (Koochaki et al., 2013) and the references contained therein. In general these references focus on the determination of the best size maintenance workforce.13.3.2 Modeling Human Skills LossA detailed model for the loss of non-replinishable maintenance resources has been developed in (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015) and (Sandborn and Williams, 2016). The technical reading of the model is briefly summarized here, see (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015) and (Sandborn and Williams, 2016) for more detail. The model uses historical workforce data to forecast the size and experience of the workforce crime syndicate as a function of time. The workforce experience pool is then used to determine the cost of supp orting (sustaining) a system as a function of time. The model was created to address the questions what will todays skills pool look like in the future? and what impact will the future skills pool have on the organizations ability to continue to support the system?A key presumptuousness in this model is that sufficient experience exists today to adequately support the system, and we wish to forecast the future workforce skills pools experience congenator to todays skills pool. The model has four primitive inputs a current age distribution (fC), a hiring age distribution (fH), an exit age distribution (fL) and the hiring rate (H). Assuming a stationary analysis, the distribution of exit ages (fL) and the distribution of hiring ages (fH) and are constant. This does not plastered that the same number of people are hired for each one year, but rather that the hired peoples ages are always distributed equivalently. The same assumption is made for fL. The distribution of current ages (fC) is used as an initial condition.To appreciate workforce pool size and experience over time, we must project the experience of the workers in the pool into the future. This projection starts with the initial conditions in the pool and accounts for age related loss and subsequent hiring. The level of experience inside the skills pool changes over time and can be determined from 1) the new hires added to the skills pool 2) the attrition (loss) rate of skilled workers and 3) the variable skill levels of the workers in the pool and how those skill levels (experience) increase as workers remain in the pool.The winnings frequency of people in the pool of age a during year i relative to year 0 is given by,(13-1)where, i is the number of years from the start of the analysis, a is age, and Hi is the fraction of new hires per year (fraction of the pool size at the start of the analysis period i = 0). The first term in the brackets in equation 13-1 is the current workforce pool size ( relative to year 0), the second term in the brackets in Equation 13-1 is the number of new hires (relative to year 0), and the multiplier accounts for the belongings rate. Note, Equation 13-1 assumes that the hiring rate, Hi is the same for all ages, a.The initial condition for the model is that the fraction of people of age a relative to year 0 in year 0 is given by,. The additive net frequency of people in the skills pool, NNET, in year i is determined by summing Ni(a) over all the ages (y = youngest to r = retirement), (13-2)Calculating the size of the workforce pool (head count) over time is necessary but not sufficient to capture an organizations future ability to support a system because workers have different levels of experience. Because of the varying experience, not all workers provide an equivalent level of value to the support of the system. In this model, experience is specify as the length of time that a worker has spent in a particular position. The cumulative expe rience in the workforce pool in year i, Ei, is calculated using,(13-3)where, RE and IE purpose age to the experience measured in years (RE and IE are determined using a parametric model from actual data). Note, while experience has the units of time, Ei, which is used in this model, represents the cumulative experience relative to the initial condition.The time to perform maintenance in year i is found from the cumulative experience using,(13-4)where, is the time to perform a maintenance activity with a skills pool having E0 experience at i = 0. In Equation 13-4 the time required to perform maintenance increases as experience decreases due to the following factors 1) less-experienced workers require more time to perform maintenance (learning curve effects), and/or 2) if the pool of workers capable of do the required maintenance task shrinks, appropriate workers may not be available at every site and may have to travel from a different location, which takes time.The most significan t impact of the loss of critical human skills for legacy systems is the ability to perform system support (corrective maintenance) in a by the bye manner. Corrective maintenance costs consist of spare parts, labor, downtime, overhead, consumables/handling, and equipment/facilities. When a corrective maintenance event occurs, the cost of performing the required maintenance action is,(13-5)where is the fraction of the maintenance events of severity level j that result in a business interrupt, is the cost of replacement parts (if replacement parts are needed) in year i,is the cost of labor (per unit time) in year i (with appropriate overhead applied), and is the cost of business interrupt (per unit time) in year i. , and are assumed to be discounted using an appropriate discount rate.13.3.3 Example System Support Case StudyA detailed case require was previously published in (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015) and (Sandborn and Williams, 2016). In this section we only provide a few highl ights from that case study. The case study considered the support of a legacy control system for a chemical product manufacturing company (the system was originally developed and deployed in the 1970s) and has over 2000 instances (plants) installed and currently operating and supported worldwide. In this case, because the process line availability is very important, unscheduled downtime cannot be tolerated.The model overviewed in Section 13.3.2 requires three distribution inputs the current age distribution (fC), the distribution of hiring age (fH) and the distribution of exit age (fL). cardinal of these distribution inputs are readily available from organizations field data the hiring age (fH) and a current age distribution (fC), issue 13-1. The current age distribution (in Figure 13-1b) has a mode of 55 years, which is very close to the early retirement age in the organization, thereby demonstrating the issue that this chapter is focused on.The exit age distribution (fL) shown i n Figure 13-2 for this case study was synthesized using the distributions for fH(a) and fC(a) in Figure 13-1 along with the assumption of a stationary process. Figure 13-2 is a bathtub curve. It indicates that workers either exit early or exit late (but few exit between ages 45 and 60. The younger workers exit because they are changing jobs within the company. The company modeled in this case study, has had difficulty retaining young workers (engineers) to support the legacy system. The younger engineers have a tendency to relocate to other job opportunities within the company that they perceive as having stop long-term career prospects. Above age 60 the workers are retiring. Figure 13-2 supports the critical skills loss ceremonial made in Section 13.2 that younger workers leave legacy system support jobs (presumably for other positions).The number of workers (pool size) is shown in Figures 13-1 and 13-2, but the experience contained within the pool is not pondered in these distr ibutions. To get from pool size to the workforce pool experience, the mapping from age to applicable experience is needed. The parameters for the mapping function in Equation 13-3 were generated from the years of experience (on the control system) and the years of service to the company.The net pool size (number of workers) over time as a fraction of the pool size in 2010, NNET, is shown in Figure 13-3a. Figure 13-3b shows the experience relative to 2010, and Figure 13-3c shows the average age of the workers in the pool. The results in Figure 13-3 assume no hiring, H = 0. Figures 13-3a and 13-3b indicate that although a 10% drop in head count occurs in the first 6 years, the experience remains approximately constant (existing workers are gaining enough on-the-job experience to offset the drop in head count). After 2016, the experience drops as the oldest and most experienced workers leave and are not being sufficiently replenished.Assuming that the wooly-minded skills are replenish able (they are not for the real company inured in this case study), we can estimate what the future hiring rate, Hi, would have to be to preserve the initial level of experience, E0, in the skills pool. Equation 13-1 is used to determine the annual hiring rate, Hi, that is required to replenish the cumulative experience lost as a result of attrition and retirement. Figure 13-4 shows results for hiring rate, Hi, relative to the initial pool size P0as a function of the number of years from the start of the analysis.Figure 13-4 shows that no hiring is required in the first atomic number 23 years (we are not allowing hiring to drop below 0, a hiring rate below 0 would reflect a layoff situation). A hiring rate of over 6% is required starting in 2017 for 9 years and then settles to 2-5% for all the years thereafter. When H is greater than zero in (4), the hiring rate is applied to the sinless hiring age distribution, fH. The required hiring rate solved for in Figure 13-4 accounts for both the time required for new workers to learn the skills necessary to support the system and the exit age distribution in Figure 13-1.Figure 13-5 shows the annual cost of supporting the legacy control system through year 2040 (all 2000+ instances of the system are costed here). The cost modeling is performed using a stochastic discrete-event simulator that samples time-to-failure distributions for the components of the control system to obtain maintenance events (determining the maintenance event dates and the components that need replacement). Subsystem- item (and severity category specific2) failure distributions are sampled to obtain failure dates for the system. At each maintenance event, maintenance resources are drawn and a cost is estimated using Equation 13-5. Most of the maintenance events do not result in business interrupt time because they only impact one of the two parallel control systems and = 0, however, a small fraction (the most severe events) result in dual con trol system failures where 0. The risk of dual failures and the resulting business interrupt is captured by the differing severity categories. The specific data associated with the system count, the subsystem/severity category reliabilities, and the cost of business interrupt time is proprietary to the client and therefore not included here.For this case study, was determined to be 0.54, meaning that when the number of people in the pool drops below 54% of the number that are in the pool initially (in 2010), the extra maintenance time penalty (modeled by (15)) is applied.Figure 13-5 shows two support cost results. The results demonstrate that there is stripped effect of skills loss prior to 2030. In year 2028 existing lifetime buys of spares parts (hardware) start to runnel out resulting in the cost step between 2028 and 2030. We obtain the lower curve in Figure 13-5 when there is no skills loss, Ei/E0 = 1 for all i in Equation 13-4. In this case there is still an annual cost in crease caused by part obsolescence that is mitigated via lifetime buys of parts (these buys rive significant capital to the pre-purchase of spare parts and long-term holding costs). The higher cost curve in Figure 13-5 is the case where no replenishment of lost skills is possible (H = 0), this is close to reality for the company considered in this case study.13.4 DiscussionWorkforce planning means ensuring that you have the right number of people, with the right skills sets, in the right jobs, at the right time. This chapter presents a model that enables workforce planning in cases where the workforce is non-replenishable. The model developed estimates both the number of skilled employees (workforce pool size) and the cumulative experience in the workforce pool. This info is used to determine the resources available to maintain a system as a function of time. cumulative experience dictates the time (and the resultant cost) required for workers to perform the maintenance activitie s necessary to support the system. Because of the prohibitively enlarged cost of legacy system replacement, these systems are rarely replaced unless a catastrophic failure occurs or their support costs become impractical. The model can potentially be used by companies to support the development of business cases for system replacement, see (Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015).Numerous important assumptions were made in the development of the model. In the stem presented here, we assume that years on the job is the only way workers can gain experience. We have not accounted for methods that could be used to accelerate the rate at which workers become more experienced, e.g., capturing older workers knowledge in knowledge bases 29,30 could accelerate experience. We have performed a discrete-time analysis because the input data that was available to us only exists annually. A continuous-time solution could also be developed, but one must be careful to match the model to the form of the inpu t data.There are several indirect consequences of the loss of critical skills that we have not addressed, and which would be challenging to quantify in terms of cost. The workers that are maintaining systems (particularly engineers) are likely to be performing other beneficial tasks in addition to corrective maintenance. Besides corrective maintenance, they may also perform preventative maintenance, projects intended to upgrade the reliability and/or performance of the system, and knowledge transfer activities. As workforce resources decrease, it is reasonable to assume that all tasks, except corrective maintenance, would decrease. Even if sufficient resources remain available for corrective maintenance tasks, an inability to perform the other tasks that the engineers might do results in a loss of maintenance efficiency improvements, system reliability improvements that could decrease future maintenance requirements, and system performance. Further, if the job triumph amongst the e ngineers that are forced to only perform maintenance decreases then their retention may be negatively impacted.There are other factors that may modify the case study presented herein. These factors include location (culture sure as shooting impacts the likelihood that highly-skilled workers remain in system support jobs), gender, the product sector, etc. These effects could be examine with the presented in this chapter model if sufficient data existed.1 For many types of legacy systems, 5 or more years of on-the-job experience may be required to become competent.2 The level of maintenance required (which dictates the maintenance resources required) and the degree of business interrupt associated with the maintenance event are governed by the severity categories. See From (Sandborn and Williams, 2016) for details.