Assessment of Cadmium levels in Chocolate

Assessment of cadmium levels in Chocolate search ProposalAssessment of Cadmium levels in chocolate commercialized in LebanonJosiane Haddad1- Background and signifi piece of assceCadmium (Cd) as an element is a light silver-white transition metallic elementlic element. It is not usually face up in the environment as a pure metal, but is nigh often present in the form of oxides, sulfides, and carbonates. It does not withdraw a taste or odor. Cadmium sulfate and cadmium chloride ar quite soluble in water, whereas metal Cd, cadmium oxide and cadmium sulfide are almost insoluble (International computer program on Chemical safety IPCS, 2007).Cd is passd from several(prenominal) quotations in temperament militarisation of Cd from the Earths crust and mantle due to volcanic activity, mobilization of Cd impurities in extracted raw materials much(prenominal) as phosphate minerals and dodo fuels, release of Cd from products and processes resulting from the drop, disposal, recyclin g, open burning or incineration, releases from municipal installations and release of Cd previously deposited in earths, sediments, landfills and waste or tailings piles (United Nations milieu Program UNEP, 2010).It is a unhealthful metal to humans and classified as a carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease register ATSDR, 2004. In the human body, Cd is mainly stored in the liver and kidneys. Hence, an proto(prenominal) effect indicator of Cd toxicity is increased excreting of proteins in urine, kidney proteinuria, which is the result of proximal tubular cell wrong. Several another(prenominal) nerve effects occur depending on the duration and magnitude of motion picture.Skeletal damage is another critical effect of chronic Cd exposure at high levels. Cd concentrations in most tissues increase with age since excretion is normally slow, and the biological half life is very long (10 to 15 years) (Jin T., Lu J. Nordberg M., 1998) in the muscles, kidneys, liver and whole body. In exposed people with nephritic damage, urinary excretion of Cd increases and so the whole body half-life is shortened. The kidney burden resulting from cumulative exposure to Cd can be assessed by measuring Cd in urine (UNEP, 2010).Epidemiological and experimental studies obligate associated occupational Cd exposure with several types of cancers including lung, prostate, renal, liver, hematopoietic system, urinary bladder, pancreatic, testis and stomach cancers (Journal of Inorganic biochemistry, 2000 Joseph P. et al., 2001). Exposure to this toxic metal also soberly affects the function of the nervous system (Lopez E. et al., 2003 Cao Y. et al., 2009), with symptoms including headache and vertigo, olfactory dysfunction, Parkinson-like symptoms, slowing of vasomotor functioning, peripheral neuropathy, decreased equilibrium, decreased ability to concentrate and learning disabilities (Cao Y. et al., 2009 Phil R.O. Parkes M., 1977) . front of Cd was also discover in fuzz and higher concentrations of hair Cd were reported in children with mental retardation (Marlowe M., Errera J. Jacobs J., 1983) and learning difficulties or dyslexia (Phil R.O. Parkes M., 1977 Capel I. et al., 1981).There are several sources of human exposure to Cd including involution in metal industries, production of certain batteries, some electroplating processes and wasting disease of baccy products (International Agency for interrogation on Cancer IARC, 1993). However, food accounts for approximately 90% of the Cd intake in the general, non-smoking population since this metal is found in the soil. The quantity absorbed by crops in dissimilar locations is influenced by factors such as soil pH, salinity, crop species and varieties and the posture of other elements (e.g., zinc). Less than 10% of the total exposure occurs due to inhalation of Cd in close air or ingestion with drinking water (UNEP, 2010).Since Cd is dicey to human s, a provisional endurable weekly intake (PTWI) or provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) had to be established. PTWI is an estimate of the amount of the chemical substance that can be ingested weekly over a lifetime without considerable health risk ( victuals and Agriculture memorial tablet FAO World Health Organization WHO, 1988). The European Union recommends a PTWI of 2.5 g/kg of body cant (European Union EU, 2014). The PTMI for Cd recommended by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (ECFA) is 25 g/kg of body weight (FAO WHO, 2014). In 2010, the Consumer harvest-tide Safety Commission (CPSC) recommended that the acceptable daily intake level of 0.1 g kg1 body weight per day for chronic exposure (Mead N., 2010).Studies in several European countries throw demonstrated high levels of Cd in agricultural topsoil due to the use of Cd in fertilizers and atmospheric deposition. Over the last 100 years, the increase in soil Cd concentration in Austria, Denmark, Fin land, Greece, Ireland and the United Kingdom was estimated to be 7 to 43 percent (UNEP, 2010). Hence, the risk is in continuous increase and save investigation on the quality of the crops and food consumed has to be pursued.Out of the practicable crops carrying Cd, cocoa, the seed of the Theobroma cacao tree (Watson R., Preedy V. Zibadi S., 2013 Lee F., 1983), is one of the most consumed by all age groups worldwide, especially by children. The large consumption of cocoa and chocolate products derived from cocoa is due to its pleasant flavor and the life of well-being that it gives (Watson R., Preedy V. Zibadi S., 2013). Several studies revealed the benefits of chocolate consumption due to the high levels of flavonoids and antioxidants present in cocoa based foods (Grivetti L. Shapiro H., 2009 Crozier S. al., 2011 Buitrago-Lopez A. et al., 2011). They are an important source of minerals such as Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, K, and Mn (Grivetti L. Shapiro H., 2009 Peixoto R., Oliveir a E. Cadore S., 2012 Pedro N., Oliveira E. Cadore S., 2006). In addition, they may prevent bad effects caused by free radicals in the human body, contributing to the simplification of cardiovascular disease and cancer risk (Fernandez-Murga L. et al., 2011 Yao H., 2011). However, the presence of potentially toxic elements has also been reported (Rehman S. Husnain M., 2013 Yanus R. et al., 2014), particularly cash in ones chips and Cd (Dahiya S. et al., 2005 Jalbani N. et al., 2009).Previous studies have been performed to test the presence of Cd in chocolate samples in several countries and the results revealed the presence of this heavy metal with a large margin of chromosomal mutation. In turkey 20-30 ppb were spy, in India 1 to 2730 ppb were reported, in Malaysia 280 to 420 ppb and in Pakistan 4.3 to 190 ppb were observed (Dahiya S. et al., 2005 da Silva A. et al., 2006 Dos Santos A. et al., 2005 Guldas M. et al., 2008 Lee P. and Low T., 1985 Leggli C.et al., 2011). In Oakl and, calcium, the non-profit governing body As You Sow (AYS) tried and true Cd levels in 42 products, 26 of which contained lead and/or Cd level above what the state of California considers safe. The organization sent legal notices in the context of holding more than heavy metals than allowed under the Golden States Proposition 65 toxic chemical warning law to 16 manufacturers including Hersheys, Sees, Mars, Godiva, Ghirardelli, Lindt, parkland and Blacks, Kroger, Whole Foods, Trader Joes, Earth Circle Organics, Moonstruck, Theo, and Vosges (AYS, 2015 The Washington Post, 2015).In this con, given that some of the brands commercialized worldwide are found in Lebanon, cocoa and chocolate derivatives allow be tested for their Cd content. unique(predicate) AimVarious brands of chocolate, whether local or imported brands, are for the most part consumed in Lebanon. The main ingredients in chocolate consist of cocoa, milk and fats, severally of which is a potential source of Cd. No study has been conducted till promptly to assess the quantity of toxic metals present in the products on the market. Hence, a study to determine Cd levels is important for chocolate consumers and manufacturers.The place of this study is to assess Cd levels in chocolate samples mostly consumed by the Lebanese population and compare those levels to the values issued by global health organizations.Research design and method actingsSample ingatheringDifferent brands of dark chocolate, milk chocolate and cocoa powder are collected from different stores according to the most sold brand. The shelf life of most milk chocolate samples is one year, and 2 years for dark chocolate. Samples leave behind be labeled and stored at a temperature between 15 and 17C. Samples will be unbroken wrapped in foil and placed inside a Ziploc formative bag so that they do not absorb the odors and moisture from the refrigerator (Subarmanian P., 1998).Microwave digestionIn order to detect heavy metals in cocoa, the samples have to be digested since the matrices are organic. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), atomise digestion can be followed on chocolate samples where up to 0.5g are digested in 5mL of concentrated nitric acid and up to 2mL hydrogen peroxide (Onianwa P.C. et al. 1999 Mounicou S. et al., 2002), which can also be substituted by nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid (Glda M., Adnan F.D., Biricik F.B., 2008). The digestion is work in PTFE vessels at approximately 1805C for 15 minutes (Environmental Protection Agency EPA, 2004). The time and temperature are subject to variation in order to find the most convenient parameters for the samples tested.Wet digestion method can also be applied in the digestion of chocolate samples. The ii methods are comparable in results (Jalbani N. et al., 2009). However, wet digestion requires a greater use of chemicals and causes a greater risk of contamination (Jalbani N. et al., 2009).As the samples will be used to as sess both lead (Pb) and Cd, each sample is spike with an internal standard of Pb and Cd prior to digestion (FDA, 2014). Obtained samples after digestion are reconstituted to 25mL with ultrapure distilled water in volumetric flaskfuls then placed in vials and stored in the refrigerator (EPA, 2004 Jalbani N. et al., 2009).Atomic absorption digestFor quantitation, stock Cd and lead standard solutions of 1000mg/L each are diluted to different concentrations and a standard addition method is followed to prepare a calibration curve. thin Cd and lead stock standards with 1% nitric acid will be placed in nitric acid rinsed volumetric flask and stored in plastic bottles (Teflon FEP or HDPE bottles recommended). Both elements can be combine in the same solution (Food and Drug Administration FDA, 2010).The heavy metal is detected by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). Electrodeless doze off lamps for Cd and Pb are operated, alternatively. Cd will be detected at a wavel ength of 228.8 nm (FDA, 2010). Pure argon (99.999%) is used as the purge and protective gas. Different chemical modifiers will be time-tested to find the most convenient one such as ammonium ion phosphate, magnesium nitrate, phosphoric acid or others.statistical analysisStatistical analysis will be done in two different stages. First, the mean Cd concentration of each brand of chocolate will be calculated and proportion differences for independent samples will be tested by comparing the calculated mean values to the permitted ones by international Health Organizations.If significant differences are observed, a second step of analysis will be performed in which the studied brands are subcategorized forming a incident table. The differences can be identified by a test frankincense allowing the formation of an ANOVA study to check in depth for the differences in spite of appearance the categories and between them. Using these methods, the most diverging categories from the norm w ill be identified.Expected resultsThis study will most likely reveal the presence of Cd in chocolate samples as it has been the case in other similar studies. Some samples might have values higher than the tolerable intake specified by global health organizations.Potential problemsCd is toxic at low doses (FAO WHO, 1988 Mead N., 2010 EU, 2014 FAO WHO, 2014) and may be found in low doses in some samples as shown in previous studies (Dahiya S. et al., 2005 da Silva A. et al., 2006 Dos Santos A. et al., 2005 Guldas M. et al., 2008 Lee P. and Low T., 1985 Leggli C. et al., 2011). Accordingly, the selection of an appropriate chemical modifier for AAS analysis is very important. Several trials will be act in order to select the optimal type. In addition, the order and admit of chemicals will be time consuming.Time frameCompletion of the proposed aim requires duration of 3 to 4 months in order to allow for the collection of samples, sample digestion, graphite furnace analysis, evaluati on and statistical analysis of the results obtained.

Disneys Impact on the War

Disneys Impact on the contendDisney Goes to WarIts the grade 1944. Imagine sitting in a Navy Vessel, preparing for an invasion of Normandy, with at least 50 men per boat, no less than 10,000 vessels total. There is further any elbow room, waves crashing against the sides of the boat, tilting it back and forth as feet cash in ones chips unfaltering from the water on the floor. Nobody is talking. The only sound that is heard is the casual vomit of a soldier that is sea sick and the thundering of the marine that surrounds the vessel. Stomachs twist in knots as fear of life or closing fight through ones mind. Some men are holding pictures of love ones, some are praying, and some are on the verge of part as memories of their lives flash through their minds. In hope of finding something to hold up the fighting spirits, eyes wander to the characters of Donald Duck and Goofy, the Disney cartoons that have been tattooed on state of state of war machines and array uniform sleeves. Envision sitting at property with the family surrounding the television as the same cartoons flash across the hiding to educate the viewers ab erupt what they go off do to helper get on the war from home. After watching the same characters that were tattooed on the war machines and military uniform sleeve, they decide that the want to help any mood they can to help win the war. Disney serves many meanings to different people and have become of much importance in the war over the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. These cartoons acclivityed the esprit de corps of soldiers in battle, formd and educated both the creation and soldiers about the war. Disney was a major(ip) factor in the Allied victory of mankind War II by the change of their traditional family comedy into policy-making and educational cartoons.Disneys political and educational cartoons during creative activity War II were geared to discover the universe and soldiers about the war and how they could contri moreovere to winning it. In order to do this, Disney Studios created many educational short films. Short films such as septet Wise Dwarfs and The New Spirit promoted buying war bonds to help broth the war. Not only did they make short films only when Disney alike do childrens books that were used to teach children different authoritys they can spend their notes to help pay for the war that would pay back when the war was over. Disney likewise made many grooming films for the soldiers. Some of these films included Education for expiry and Reason and Emotion, which were used to show the Allied soldiers that they should lead with reason. Education for terminal revolved around the making of a Nazi which tied together with Reason and Emotion because if you were led by emotion, then you were the same as a Nazi, who seemed to have no reason and led with only emotion. agree to the Encyclopedia Online, Disney produced over 400,000 feet of educational war films, most at c ost, which was couple to 68 hours of continuous film. In 1943 alone, 204,000 feet of film was produced (1). With this abundance of film, it shows just how sacred Disney was in trying to help win the war. There were separate types of training films that were used to teach the armed forces about different military simulated military operation they could use during battle, which turned out to be extremely important to the sensitive recruits. They were taught a wide range of things from camouflage, to navigational techniques.Not only did Disney teach soldiers and the public about war, but also influenced them in many ways. The cartoons that Disney produced during World War II influenced the public and the soldiers to help however they could to get the war over and done with, with the victory in our hands. Disneys short films, All unneurotic and Donalds Decision, were used to show the public about buying war bonds and how it could help win the war. Many people confessed that after wards watching the family darlings that they were compelled to buy the items that were beingness advertised not only because they thought it was an important investment but also because their beloved family films had put in the effort to reach out to the public with ways they could help win the war. Food Will make the War was a short that was created to teach the public about victory gardens. The film showed the viewers how to create the gardens, the chasten way to use them, and what they could do with the extra rations. Another short film that was made to teach the public ways they could help win the war without giving up money is Out of the Frying Pan and into the Firing Line. This short was created specific ally for the cooks of a household. They showed the viewers ways they could save their food grease and give it to their topical anaesthetic general store that would, in turn, be used during battle for weapons and other small goods. Not only did the films influence the home front, but also influenced the front lines. Disney had at least a thousand requests of unique designs with the family favorite cartoon characters for different military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, and navy vessels. Baxter says, virtually of the designs have Donald Duck, Pluto, Goofy, and Jiminy Cricket. It is said that we today find it hard to appreciate the way it felt for the soldiers to be fighted by Disney, not only because it is a reminder of home, but also because this was a popular thing at home and they went out of their way to show their support of the men that risked their lives for their country(1). The influence Disney had over the people was so great that they were proud to have Disney represent them, even in war.Disneys influence was so beardown(prenominal) that it could even boost the soldiers esprit de corps in war. Disney became a go-to in case the front lines need a little boost. The propaganda films that were produced at the Disney Studios served as r eminders of home and also served as a connection as to what was going on in the war and something the servicemen could disturb to it. In the propaganda short, Fall Out Fall In, Donald Duck is featured as an American soldier who is marching for an endless amount of period through miserable conditions. Here Donald is pictured carrying a large soldiers bag that holds the necessities while he marches through deserts, rain storms, hoodwink storms, and long nights without any sleep. When he is finally allowed to sleep, he is told to pitch his dwell before he can eat with his fellow comrades, but when auction pitch the tent, he had extreme difficulties and by the time he gets it, it is night. When he tries to attend asleep he hears snoring, random instrument playing and becomes frustrated. This work relates to the endurance, patience, and morale these soldiers need to keep going not only for them to survive but also for their families back home and for their country. When soldiers see this film they automatically relate to it because that is what they are doing, and they recognize the struggles Donald is going through. According to Briner, When being reminded by all of these short films, they become eager to get the war over with so they can come home, boosting their morale to help them fight harder and longer(1). The importance it held to them was strong enough make them fight harder and longer. They recognize the difficulties and push through after their relations with the films that serve as morale boosting tools.In conclusion, Disneys service in the war through their political and educational cartoons helped the Allied Forces fight their way to victory over the Axis Powers in World War II. Disneys sham on the United States was so great that it followed soldiers to war. People thought of these cartoons as a connection to home, and they all needed some type of a reminder of home. The families that were left at home would see these images that mimicked what their loved ones were doing in the war and help anyway they possibly could after being taught the right ways to help. Disney has had a colossalger impact on our lives than we could ever imagine, big enough, to help us win a war.Works CitedBaxter, John. When Disney Went to War. World War II, 5 February 2015, www.airspacemag.com/multimedia/when-disney-went-war-180954087/. Accessed 26 January 2017.Briner, Lisa. Walt Disney Goes to War. Army Heritage and Education Center, 7 April 2009, www.army.mil/article/19340/Walt_Disney_Goes_to_War/. Accessed 26 January 2017.Lesjak, David. When Disney Went to War. World War II, vol.20, no.5, Sept. 2005, p.22. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=f5hAN+17740568site=ehost.live. Accessed 24 February 2017.Walt Disneys World War II Propaganda Production. World Heritage Encyclopedia. Accessed 5 March 2017.

Fundamental Changes Of Marketing On The Internet Information Technology Essay

Fundamental Changes Of Marketing On The profits randomness Technology EssayDescribe the important meshing properties that affect merchandising and the fundamental changes the Internet has brought to selling.In a fast- railway yardd ordination, everything has to be make in an instant. Everything bells much than. Everything dismisss faster like bricks and mortar. The good thing is that we tail dupe anything we want in except one click. We reserve the contrastive technological advances right within our r all(prenominal) cartridge clip efficient and cost effective- which make our way of life more convenient. All of these realities of modern society have been in the name of progress. One of the most popular, most unadorned technological advances at present is the Internet, which provides the users convenience from entertainment to education and from ain concerns to lineage matters. Indeed, the Internet introduces many unique benefits to marketing including low be in distributing instruction and media to a global audience.Internet has brought so a great deal impact on marketing and help to increase the sales of a come with goods and reaping faster than before and heretofore more efficient. Internet has also brings so much benefit and convenience to both company and also nodes.As example of the benefits are such as era saver and such convenience for the customer as they can have their shop or make transaction at their own pace and just one click away.Internet also makes marketing more flexible where any business transaction can be through and through with(p) anytime, anywhere even from home. Internet has also helps to enhance the customer service as they can share information and keeps their transaction save and soft shop later on. This also helps to promote and distribute the companys goods and products faster and more reliable.QUESTION 2What concerns ab prohibited customer privacy are embossed by the increased use of wireless computing and handheld twists out of doors the home or workplace?Customer privacy are elevated by the increased use of wireless computing and handheld devices remote the home or workplace has make the concerns in which a auspices issues where the data or information of some particular person or company can be exposed or shared without permission hence it result risk of infection the person or company at target if it is employ by irresponsible private or agencies.It allow also increase the high possibility of virus spread any it is by intention or unintentionally by sharing the approachability of the wireless network to outsiders. This lead cause a big risk or damage to the network itself. So, it needs to be control and reminder at times.Other than the spread of virus, cookies and spam are also a big issues to the wireless computing plus nowadays the quick profit have expand faster than any conscious internet device that can be found nowadays, this will also affect the custome r privacy anywhere they connect to the network.QUESTION 3How will kind media and consumer-generated content change the way marketers operate? genial Media Will blend a Single, Cohesive Experience Embedded In Our Activities and Technologies. By this time next year, social media will no longer be social media it will be an integrated, unquestionable component of your online and offline capture. Last year we intercommunicate of cross-platform integration across media sites. Open APIs and OpenID make that possible and even LinkedIn announced last month that it too will finally blossom its APIs. 2010 will be about integration and a single, cohesive experience across platforms as well as across products and devices Web, supple, TV, and video will become near-inseparable experiences.Users will retrieve content from any device or platform, co-create and mash up their photos, videos and text with traditional content while interacting with each other. Publishers will create new kin ds of content for the connected world, and the last historic period lull in good entertainment will finally be lifted. This trend will cut across all of our activities from playing games to obtain to emailing and texting nothing will be lost everything we do will be gathered and streamed together, allowing people to view their world of activities as if it were projected in front of them, open to change, review and input at any channelize in time from any device or online tool.Social media excogitation will no longer be limited by technology. With electronic network technology maturing and the near-elimination of previous barriers such as closed platforms and discrete logins, companies will now look to innovate the way they use existing technology, rather than tenseness on technology enhancements themselves. We will see a move to leverage existing assets content and capabilities in new shipway, turning information to wisdom and insight to action. Whereas once user researc h required focus groups and usability tests, companies will utilize the Webs capabilities to strain the same. Naturally occurring conversations will be utilized in product innovation and design, and companies will create incentives for peoples attention and contest while repurposing and analyzing content and engagement in new ways that will deliver valuable input.Mobile will take center stage. As the technological barriers come down, people will increasingly use their phones on-the-go to access social networks, search, read content and find location-based information. Our phones will be used as a central hub and beacon enabling a thin of new capabilities and experiences and enterprises will shape the next generation of what we would call Social Media.QUESTION 4It is observed that the global Internet has driven styles, tastes, and product to coverage and create a more homogeneous, global marketplace, and creating an online monoculture. Explain the observation.Internet has expand and evolve from one stage to another in just less than two decades and at the same time it has also brought alteration to marketing and increase the population of internet shoppers even more larger than any population of other technology users. Marketing has become more styles, customer-friendly, product expansion and business reach directly to their buyers home.Many companies have changed their marketing style to more internet comprehension and sent their marketers to raising and learn how to reach their customers through internet and increase their products coverage.Recently, year 2010, mobile internet has been introduced with the competition between mobile manufacturer as Blackberry, orchard apple tree and Android, the internet has been easier and just on our hand anywhere, anytime. This has stimulated the increase of ways for marketers to promote their product through email, Facebook and also Twitter.Many organizations and even individual has made a lot of income through int ernet marketing by promoting their products on others websites and people also gain a lot of benefits through this. Some example of successful organizations that manage to make fortune out of this was Amazon of selling books, eBay of bidding transaction, GSM Company that provides products such as mobile and other latest technologies and so on.Internet marketing also has made a huge change to the companys profitability and maximizes their income to beyond what they can achieve before internet affect their marketing styles. Internet on marketing also has increase the companys return on marketing investment and made a new direction to the ways of organization or business including B2B, B2C, and even C2C.

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

cite Childrens wellness redress Program ( checkout)Ghada AlemArticle appraisal put up Childrens Health Insurance Program ( chip shot) Eligibility Expansion impactI. blanketdropDuring an introductory course about wellness indemnification policy, namely Fundamentals for Health policy, wellness insurance reporting in the U.S. was among the subjects presented. Under the public sector, in that location be two large insurance programs that are funded by the national government 1) Medicare, and 2) Medicaid. Fundamental aspects of the Medicaid program were discussed along with The Patient Protection and cheap Care Act (ACA) refinement of the programs eligibility. Moreover, eccentric or State Childrens Health Insurance Program was introduced. Hence, the purpose of this composing is to further detail the bit program and to explore the impact of expanding its eligibility. mo was created in 1997 when Congress acted to allow for low-income children with health insurance. Prior to CHIP, a coverage suspension occurred for this pigeonholing of children in their states whose family income is above the eligibility level for Medicaid program. Initially, the program had a ten years block grant of $40 billion. Upon its expiry in 2007, Congress made an attempt to extend the program through laissez passer of two versions of CHIP Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA). However, the U.S. then death chair GW Bush vetoed twain versions and signed a temporary extension instead. When p anticipatent Barack Obama took office back in 2009, Congress made its second attempt toward extending the program and the president signed it into law to be his starting time of all acts assuming his office. The Reauthorization Act of CHIP (CHIPRA) granted $33 billion in federal funds for childrens coverage and an extension until 2019. However, the funding was effective only through fiscal year 2015. 1CHIPRA gave states additional re reservoirs and options to help reduce the uninsurable c hildren rate 2. much(prenominal) options include expanding the CHIP program eligibility to bleak populations, encouraging families to signup for coverage through simplifying enrollment and renewal procedures for Medicaid and CHIP program, and funding outreach grants to help enroll worthy children 2. Although these policy changes would name potential and hence, invoke more studies examining their impact, few efforts convey actually visitd the implication of the new policy changes 2. In this paper, two articles that have actually addressed the impact of CHIP eligibility elaborateness are cover in the following sections.II. FIRST ARTICLE ASSESSMENTIn the first article titled Coverage For Low-Income Immigrant Children Increased 24.5 Percent In States That grow CHIPRA Eligibility, Saloner et al., declared the absence of any previous studies examining the effect of CHIPRA for immigrant children. Thus, authors compared changes post CHIPRA line of achievement in terms of coverage a nd access. The said relation was aimed at immigrant children who reside in states that expanded eligibility to them against the states that did not expand their eligibility. 3Goals and MethodsThis article indicates that CHIPRA policy did not eliminate some barriers that could be a cause for missing health insurance coverage in immigrant children (e.g., language and cultural barriers). However, states were provided with federally funded health insurance as a new option by the policy toward expanding eligibility to immigrant children. Accordingly, authors hypothesized that a coverage and access increase would occur among immigrant children as a result of the policy. The study design was cross-sectional by using the guinea pig Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH). The main data sources were the 2003, 2007, and 201112 rounds of the subject Survey of Childrens Health. Sample selection was based on CHIP eligibility income threshold that would most likely extract desirable children popula tion in the previous year. Two groups were compared against a children and parent in the same income grade who are US-born 1) children and parents who are foreign-born, and 2) children who are US-born with foreign-born parents. During the study period, children in the resemblance group (i.e., US-born child and parents) had laid-backer health care coverage and access. Three outcomes tie in to health insurance coverage had been examined 1) coverage status at the cadence of the deal, 2) coverage fount (i.e., clandestine plan or public), and 3) coverage gap during past year. Sample characteristics of all children living in states that implemented (or did not) the policy were compared using descriptive analysis. In order to ensure that the policy was the source of differences affecting immigrant children in states, authors controlled for state-level trends of children and parents who are US-born. Isolation between independent outcomes changes and fox ones occurring during the sa me time period were possible through difference-in-difference-in-difference method (quasi-experimental). 3Findings and ConclusionsInsurance coverage increase among immigrant children in states that expanded the eligibility was 24.5 percent compared to the same group in states that did not expand the eligibility. This increase was contributed to the public insurance high enrollment. Moreover, decrease of unmet healthcare needs and disparities (among immigrant children and nonimmigrant families) were evident in states that adopted the eligibility working out. Finally, healthcare coverage and access gaps between immigrant and nonimmigrant children was reduced due to CHIPRA eligibility expansion. 3Article Assessment Policy ImplicationsThis research effort is a contribution highlights the importance of healthcare insurance coverage and access for immigrant children. Usually, immigrant children (foreign-born or US-born with foreign-born parents) have vile preventive care compared to n onimmigrant children. This poor status at the children earlier stages in life would have consequences through adulthood. Additional research effort should examine the remaining financial and cultural care barriers. Moreover, variation in the new policy implementation among states and other groups should be investigated. Finally, a significant gene that needs to be examined is sustainability the explored healthcare coverage and access improvement in this study was applicable to the two years following CHIPRA and hence, further studies are required to check for any further improvements after those two years. 3II. mho ARTICLE ASSESSMENTIn the second article titled The Impact Of Recent CHIP Eligibility Expansions On Childrens Insurance Coverage, 200812, Goldstein et al., stated the absence of any in-depth analysis about the impact CHIP expansions to higher-income children on insurance coverage. Hence, they intended to estimate the impact of CHIP eligibility expansion on changes in un- insurance, public insurance, and private insurance. 2Goals and MethodsThe data source for this study was from the 2008-2012 American Community Survey (ACS). A difference-indifferences framework study design was employ in this study. Authors have analyzed two groups of children 1) new eligible children for CHIP (i.e., the manipulation group), and 2) similar children who were not eligible for CHIP (i.e., simile group). The treatment group consisted of all children who were made newly eligible for CHIP by their states expansion. Sensitivity analysis was used with different comparison groups to test the consistency of results since difference-indifferences estimates can vary depending on the composition of the comparison group. Authors first analyzed unadjusted changes in the three symbols of insurance coverage (public, private, and uninsured) by calculating the raw change in each type for the treatment and comparison groups between 2008 and 2012. They then calculated difference-i n-differences estimates for each type of insurance coverage. Next, they estimated the relative change in the un-insurance rate attributable to the expansions. Finally, they assessed the grade of crowd-out (i.e., the share of gains in public coverage from the expansions that was a result of decreases in private coverage). All estimates were weighted using survey weights that reflected the complex survey design of the ACS. 2Findings and ConclusionsA decrease of 1.1 percentage point in the newly eligible uninsured group was estimated in this study due to the expansion (15% cut in un-insurance rate). An increase of 2.9 percentage points in public coverage was evident with variations in states adoption. Since higher-income children might not have access to affordable coverage, the study findings suggest providing coverage to them through CHIP toward lowering their pretend of being uninsured. The study concluded that a significant reductions in un-insurance among newly eligible childre n was produced by the recent CHIP expansions. 2Article Assessment Policy ImplicationsAnalytical approach includes a couple of limitations. First, authors included the year of the expansions passage in their pre-expansion period, which could be a source of stoop to their change estimates downward. Second, measurement error could arise from their use of the ACS (ACS does not provide state-specific program names for CHIP or include a chit question for un-insurance, and it may overestimate no group coverage) 2. Third, it is unknown whether the changes describe in the results of this study could be generalized to the remaining thirty-five states in the case these states chose to expand CHIP eligibility 2.A policy implication could be realized if CHIP funding is not extended. Authors indicated that in the case of no extension, families with children enrolled in the program could turn instead to a health insurance Marketplace to purchase subsidized coverage. However, many of these fami lies would not be eligible for such subsidized coverage. This is due to the fact that ACA definition for affordability is based on the speak to of premiums for employee-only coverage that ignores the cost to the family of covering dependents. For instance, dependent family members for a actor would not be able to receive Marketplace subsidies, even if the cost for full family coverage were unaffordable, since the worker were offered affordable employee-only coverage. Accordingly, some children would end up without either CHIP coverage or access to affordable private insurance. Thus, many children in this study could also lose coverage in the case of not addressing barriers to employer-sponsored family coverage andMarketplace subsidies. 2CONCLUSIONGenerally, CHIP expansion has a positive impact on children insurance coverage. While the first study addressed benefits to immigrant children from the expansion, the second one addressed the reduction of uninsured children through the exp ansion. Expansion was supported as it would result in maintaining a good health and reducing disparities among this immigrant population 3, and would decrease the risk for having uninsured children 2.REFERENCES1 Teitelbaum JB. Essentials of Health Policy and Law. Jones Bartlett Learning 2012.2 Goldstein IM, Kostova D, Foltz JL, Kenney GM. The impact of recent CHIP eligibility expansions on childrens insurance coverage, 2008-12. Health Aff (Millwood). 201433(10)1861-7.3 Saloner B, Koyawala N, Kenney GM. Coverage for low-income immigrant children increased 24.5 percent in states that expanded CHIPRA eligibility. Health Aff (Millwood). 201433(5)832-9.1 Page

Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Neurode cistron breakive DiseasesAbbreviationsAD Alzheimers diseasesystema nervosum cardinale Central nervous systemGFAP Glial fibrillary supermanic proteinNFT Neurofibrillary tanglesMAP2 Microtubule-associated protein 2MBP bulb basic proteinNef3 Neurofilament 3PAD Peptidylarginine deiminaseRT-PCR Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain chemical reactionSP immemorial plaqueIntroductionNeurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Multiple Sclerosis, are a group of progressive conditions, which affect a persons learning abilities and the casual routine management. Citrullination/deiminasion is a process describing the enzymatic involvement in spiritual rebirth of arginine residues into citrulline in target proteins. Here, is a review, entailing the main features of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family, liquid body substanceh a view on its history, presence and future in neurodegenerative disorders.BackgroundThe amino aci d Citrulline was foremost mentioned in 1955 (Smith and Young), and the citrullination process of L-arginine conversion to L-citrulline was firstly depict in 1958 (Rogers and Simmonds).Citrullination is a posttranslational process, and overly studys in a 1Da decrease in size, due to an hydrolytic reaction (Vossenaar et al., 2003 Gyorgy et al., 2006 van Venrooji and Pruijn, 2003). However, it was only in 1977 when peptidylarginine deiminases, the enzymes that are responsible to the citrulline qualifying, were firstly described (Rogers et al.).Alzheimers diseaseGFAP, an astrocyte-specific marker protein, is involved in the progression of Alzheimers disease via PAD2 citrullination. The attach of PAD2 crumb be seen in the hippocampi of AD patients. GFAP and vimentin citrullination was also identified by using a 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. activating of PAD descends upon a mass influx of Ca2+, and whence an increase in citrullinated proteins (Keller et al., 2000 Maccioni et al., 2001). The PAD family consists of five known members (1-4 6), each is usher in in a different area in the human body. PAD2 and PAD4 area of activity is the central nervous system (CNS), although PAD2 in larger amounts than PAD4 (Kubilus and Baden, 1983 Watanabe et al., 1988 Terakawa et al., 1991). Yet, the intention of the different PADs is until now largely at a lower placestood. PAD3 was run aground in the root sheaths of hair follicles, as trigger of the citrullination process of keratinisation (Kanno et al., 2000). PAD4 was found in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells, and by and by in peripheral blood granulocytes (Nakashima et al., 1999 Asaga et al., 2001). PAD2 and PAD4 are also present in the myelin sheath. In fact, hyper-citrullination of myelin basic protein (MBP) is now known to result in myelin sheath loss in multiple sclerosis patients (Moscarello et al., 1994 wood et al., 2008 Musse et al., 2008). Moreover, PAD4 is also involved in histone deimination in psyche create from raw stuffs of such patients (Mastronardi et al., 2006). Following immunocytochemical studies, PAD2 have been detected in glial cells and astrocytes (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000 Vincent et al., 1992 Asaga and Ishigami, 2001), microglial cells (Vincent et al., 1992 Asaga et al, 2002), oligodendrocytes (Akiyama et al., 1999), and Schwann cells (Keilhoff et al., 2008). Further much, during hypoxic insult (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000) and during kainic acid administration (Asaga and Ishigami, 2001 Asaga et al., 2002), neurodegenerative regions shown to have PAD2 activity and deimination of various proteins. These findings suggest that PAD2 plays an important role in protein citrullination in neurodegeneration.Senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the two main forms of protein aggregation, and in that locationfore responsible for neuronal death in AD (Katzman, 1986 Smith, 1998). They are in the main found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, when levels of PAD2 were detected to be more than threefold higher in the hippocampus than in the cortex of rat brains (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000). A study by Ishigami et al. (2005) was set to evaluate the involvement of protein citrullination in AD patients brains, and identified two citrullinated proteins- GFAP and vimentin, by using a unconditional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It went on to identify also a citrullinated MBP, again in the hippocampus region of the AD patients.Multiple sclerosisHigher outranks of citrullinated MBP were found in the CNS of MS patients than in the CNS of wellnessy adults (Mastronardi et al., 2006 Nicholas and Whitaker, 2002 Raijmakers et al., 2005). However, similar levels of citrullination have been observed in children under the age of 4. An indication that citrullination is involved in the development of mature myelin (Moscarello et al., 1994 Wood et al., 1996). Due to known change magnitude citrulli nation, PAD2 and PAD4 rates in myelin from normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of seven MS patients were examined, and were found to be importantly higher compared to NAWM from six tick individuals, using immuno discolourations with PAD2 and PAD4-specific antibodies (Wood et al., 2008). The anti-citrulline antibody- F95, was also used in the same manner, resulting in the same outcome (Nicholas et al., 2004). The study by Wood et al. (2008) also observe that PAD2 brush off citrullinate 18 out of 19 arginine residues, whereas PAD4 can only citrullinate 15 out of 19 arginine residues localised in MBP. It has been found and account that MPB deimination increases its efficiency to degradation by proteinases, which are elevated nearly active plaques and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Cuzner and Davison, 1973 Einstein et al., 1972 Richards and Cuzner, 1978). It has been also reported that macrophages and reactive astrocytes are able to produce the proteinase cathepsin D (Allen an d McKeown, 1979 Prineas and Wright, 1978). Cathepsin D then produces peptides that contain the immuno-dominant epitopes of MBP, located in the CSF of MS patients (Whitaker, 1977 Whitaker and Granum, 1980). It was then discovered that different MBP strains, containing greater amounts of citrulline per mole of MBP than their counterparts were digested at a much high-speed rate by cathepsin D (Pritzker et al., 2000). An explanation for this discovery by Pritzker et al. can be explained by the three-dimensional thermonuclear structure of the human MBP they created. The structure showed a clear correlation between the open conformation of the atomic structure and the higher rate of citrullination in-site, which allows cathepsin D a better memory access to Phe-Phe linkages in MBP, and so an increased digestion of citrullinated MBP.Current perspectivesIn addition to MBP, GFAP also have shown to be citrullinated in MS. In a study by Nicholas et al. (2004), GFAP citrullination rate in bo th the NAWM and lesions of patients with SPMS was compared with the white matter of control brain tissue, and was found to be in higher amounts. The findings were obtained using GFAP anti-citrulline antibodies (such as P95) and confocal microscopy. On an extended study by Nicholas et al. (2004), using dual patch wit GFAP anti-citrulline antibodies, it was found that lesions taken from nine MS patients were highly citrullinated compared to white matter taken from six healthy control individuals. Western blotting has also substantiate that the majority of the deimination occurred in GFAP. PAD4 is enable to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, due to its susceptibility to carry a functional nuclear localisation signal (Nakashima et al., 2002). PAD4 modification can also affect nuclear proteins, histones H2A, H3 and H4, and nucleophosmin/B23 (Hagiwara et al. 2002). Deimination of histones causes change in chromatin confirmation, and therefore gene transcription gets turned off (Shimoyama et al., 2010). In a study by Cuthbert et al. PAD4 was found to inhibit transcription of estrogen-responsive genes in MCF-7 cells. Levels of PAD4 in MCF-7 cells were shown to rise in response to estrogen, followed by deimination of the pS2 promoter by PAD4, which coincides with downregulation of this gene (Cuthbert et al. 2004). Wang et al. showed that incubation of purified substrates H3 and H4 with PAD4 in vitro generated citrullinated H3 and H4, which coincided with a dramatic reduction in H3 Arg 17 and H4 Arg 3 methylation (Wang et al. 2004). This effect was also mimicked when HL-60 granulocytes were incubated with PAD4 in vivo, in the presence of atomic number 20 ionophore. PAD4 was found to be elevated in NAWM from 17 patients with MS, compared to 9 control subjects (Mastronardi et al. 2006). This was shown by fractionation of these samples into membrane-containing, non-microsomal, and nuclear fractions, followed by quantitation of the amount of PAD 1-4 antibod y binding. The nuclear fraction contained a 3.5-fold increase in the level of PAD4 in patients with MS compared to controls. Through western blot analysis using anti-PAD4 antibody, this was attributable to increased PAD4 in the MS NAWM. Using an antibody against citrullinated proteins, this increase in PAD4 was found to be accompanied by an increase in citrullinated proteins in brain tissue taken from patients with MS, whereby strong nuclear labeling in NAWM from MS patients was seen compared to controls (Mastronardi et al. 2006). This increase in PAD4 was also accompanied by an increase in nuclear histone H3 citrullination, as shown by immunostaining of MS and control tissue with an antibody against citrullinated protein, which revealed strong nuclear staining of cells in the MS white matter. These findings were confirmed by western blot analysis, which showed a great abundance of citrullinated H3 in MS NAWM, with only traces in white matter from controls. This citrullination of hi stones greatly affects the chromatin structure and function, as deimination of arginine residues of histones decreases their confident(p) charge, which compromises its ability to interact with DNA and possibly resulting in apoptosis of alter cells (Moscarello et al. 2007 Wang et al. 2004). It is not known whether excess citrullination is a primary or a secondary event to the inflammatory process in MS or whether the regulation of PAD isoforms whitethorn be part of the genetic susceptibility to MS. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the PAD4 gene, also associated with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, increase template RNA stability, suggesting that this could result in greater PAD4 protein expression and hence increased citrullination of proteins (Suzuki et al. 2003). increase PAD2 protein expression in human astrocytes in vitro has also been reported in response to increased intracellular calcium levels when cells were subjected to elevated pressure or in response to hypoxia (Bhattacharya et al. 2006a, b Sambandam et al. 2004).A number of pathological processes, including excitotoxicity, occur in the CNS of patients with MS, which would lead to raised intracellular calcium ions in neurons and glia (Shideman et al. 2006 Smith 2007). Large numbers of activated macrophages are present in inflammatory demyelinating sites within MS lesions. Since these cells contain PAD enzymes and there is increased cell death due to raised intracellular calcium ions, this would lead to activation of PAD enzymes when released from dying cells (Bhattacharya et al. 2006a). Thus myelin proteins may be citrullinated both intracellularly, during myelin degradation following phagocytosis, as strong as extracellularly, following release of PAD enzymes from dying cells. In addition, fundamental hypomethylation of the PAD2 promoter has also been found to occur in MS NAWM compared to controls, which may lead to increased PAD2 expression and subsequent increase in citrulli nation, as hypomethylation leads to increased gene transcription (Mastronardi et al. 2007).Future perspectivesConclusionIn the destruction 60 years since it was firstly mentioned, the research area of PADs have make a tremendous leap and came about with many important discoveries regarding the mechanisms and pathologies concerning PADs. However, it even so seems to be largely unknown and have many possible routes of research. peculiarly when considering the wide localisation of the PADs throughout the human body. Such areas of research may ask after the origins of the calcium influx to the brain tissues, and the timing of that physiological event how may the rate of calcium influx affect the rate of neurodegeneration what would prove to be the most effective PAD-inhibitor treatment, etc.However, looking at the milestones along the research of PADs, it does seem that the right questions are being asked, and that the operable/emerging technologies are suitable for this research.R eferencesSmith, D. G. and Young, E. G. J. Biol. Chem., 217, 845 (1955).Rogers GE, Simmonds DH. Content of citrulline and other amino acids in a protein of hair follicles. Nature. 1958 182(4629)186-7. PubMed 13566234Vossenaar ER, Zendman AJ, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ. PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes genes, features and involvement in disease. Bioessays. 2003 25(11)1106-18. PubMed 14579251Gyorgy B, Tth E, Tarcsa E, Falus A, Buzs EI. Citrullination a posttranslational modification in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006 38(10)1662-77. PubMed 16730216Van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ. Citrullination a small change for a protein with great consequences for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. 2000 2(4)249-51. PubMed 11094435Rogers GE, Harding HW, Llewellyn-Smith IJ. The origin of citrulline-containing proteins in the hair follicle and the chemical genius of trichohyalin, an intracellular precursor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 495(1)159-75. PubMed 410454Keller, J.N. , Hanni, K.B., Markesbery, W.R. Impaired proteasome function in Alzheimers disease. J Neurochem. 2000 75436-439.Maccioni R. B., Muoz J. P. Barbeito L. The molecular(a) bases of Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Arch Med Res. 32, 367-381 (2001).

The Debate Over Minimum Wage :: Economics Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Debate Over negligible Wage IntroductionThe Clinton brass served notice in 1993 that it intended to seek an increase in the national token(prenominal) plight. Liberal politicians applauded the new president, agreeing that an increase was all overdue and deserved. However, their conservative counterparts lamented the form _or_ system of government proposal, fearful that a minimum take hike would further confuse the economic recovery that was underway at the time. Both liberals and conservatives began to marshal their statistical forces to support the long held claims concerning the positive and negative consequences of a minimum wage increase. Since then, political rhetoric has often ruled the minimum wage debate. (Mckenzie, 10, 1994)Minimum wage is a contentious issue because it is debated in a entire and eclectic audience. Minimum wage is at the heart of the economists interest he is in pursuit of finding its connection to job loss. Countries all over the world, includ ing all members of the OECC, maintain minimum wage laws. For this reason, it is of obvious importance to insurance makers. Because those that tend to earn a minimum wage are disproportionately from low income and minority families, the minimum wage has attracted attention from social activists as well. The topic is perhaps most interesting to the average American. At somewhat point in our lives, almost everyone has been paid the minimum wage. Due to this fact, it is of hot debate over dinner, at restaurants, and in the typical American brisk room.The people of the United States should support raising the federal minimum wage because empirical evidence proves that it does not lead to job loss. Americans know a raise in the minimum wage is one way to serving make work pay. For many working Americans an increase in the minimum wage will make the difference between living in poverty and not. Furthermore, a higher minimum wage, a floor to fasten workers that theyre getting a fair de al for their efforts, provides a foothold into the mall class for many other families who would otherwise not earn a middle class living.America of the 1990s is a country of increasing disparity, where the fuddled are moving ahead while the working class is fall behind. In this economic phenomenon, the middle class is disappearing. One of our major defenses to picture those in the working class receives a fair wage, is legislation providing for one. opus many opponents of minimum wage cite labor supply and call for concerns with a legislated wage, we must look at the facts instead of the mere theory.

Marketing Plan for Bio-Mag Bracelets Essay example -- Business Marketi

Marketing Plan for Bio-Mag noveltysexecutive SUMMARYThe purpose of this analytical report is to provide a merchandising planfor Bio-Life Ltd new intersection point, Bio-Mag gewgaw on its drawic therapypurposes. As wellness issues are popular concerns of people in Australiaand overseas market, it is necessary for Bio-Life Ltd to hold up into thismarket as soon as possible. This market plan is to criticism thecompanys trade arrangement for the new product nevertheless to alsorecommend strategic responses to assist Bio-Life Ltd in developing asustainable operating system.In the following sections, product, Bio-Mag Bracelet bequeath be analysedin depth in the order of firstly, background secondly, marketingstrategies thirdly, marketing mix included product, price, people,placement and promotion lastly, SWOT analysis. It is anticipated thatthe marketing plan we have developed will facilitate the new product,Bio-Mag Bracelet success in the coming years.Marketing strategies of the Bio-Mag Bracelet is based on Segmentation,Targeting and Positioning. Positioning and Segmentation strategiesadopted by Bio-Mag Bracelet are persona styling and pain relief toattract its targeted customers. Besides that, the main purpose ofBio-Mag Bracelet is natural healing without drugs in pain relief,increase blood circulation and reduces turmoil and speeded uprecovery rate from injuries. The targeted consumers of the product aremiddle and hurrying classes, which need natural healing and health care.Differentiation is also an Copernican strategy. Bio-Mag Braceletdifferentiated from competitors with the additional features of onesize fits all.As the product will be finished by 9ct gold and stainless steel, theretail price of it is in a higher range. It is also contain a 2000Gauss / 200 mTesla special Rare Earth magnets. The location of theretailing will be mainly in big shopping malls or much than prestigious andwell known area. Placement includes elements such as channels,c overage, assortments, locations, blood line and transport of theproduct.The S.W.O.T is to analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities andThreats of the products marketing plan.BackgroundAs technology advances, the environment has also start to become moreand more demanding and competitive with each and every individualspace life always on the inc... ...ing up sales. Nevertheless,Bio-Mag Bracelet also faced great competition from other healthproducts such as massage machine and so aside which there are manydifferent health products in the market.BIBLIOGRAPHYBarrett S., 2001 magnet therapy available online athttp//www.helhetsdoktorn.nu/magnet.htmCralle, R. (1997). Therionresearch.com Magnetic Therapy.http//www.therionresearch.com/learning_center_articles.html(Accessed 18th May 2005).Kotler, P. (2003) Marketing Management. Pearson Education, Inc., new-sprung(prenominal)Jersey, United States.No Author. (2005) Stuck On You Magnetic Therapy Supplier.http//www.stuckonyou.com(Accesse d 15th May 2005).No Author. No Date. Magnetic Therapy History.http//www.discovermagnetics.com/faq2.html(Accessed 18th May 2005).No Author. No Date. The scientific Basis For Magnet Therapy AnalyticalResearch Report.http//www.itembioenergy.com/infocenter/ScientificBasisMagnetTherapy.pdf(Accessed 18th May 2005).Competitors partnerships Website- Magnet-EZe http//magnet-eze.com.auAustralian Magnet Therapy http//www.australianmagnettherapy.comBio-Magnetic Therapy http//www.biomagnetictherapy.net

Workers Need a Living Wage Essay -- Its Time to Raise the Minimum Wag

Its 600am and that annoying beep of your alarm is ringing in your ears. You get up, start the coffee maker, shower, and get dressed in your forge attire. You start your car and back out of your drive-way before noticing that youre running on the last fumes of your tank. You drive to nearest gas station where you line up gas prices have, once again, risen.The aforementioned scenario is only one of many examples of the slighting value of the dollar. In fact, in the past five years, the CPI-U has increased from 168.8 to 190.7 - thats a 12.97% inflationary increase (Historical CPI) Sure, to Corporate Joe in his fancy sports car, a few extra pennies for gas isnt much, but what about the school janitor who is hard to successfully raise a family of four on tokenish pay? The most immediate reality behind reinforcement Wage organizing is the outstanding erosion of the minimum plight. Even with the 1996 increase to $5.15 an hour the buying post of the minimum wage is still 30 percent below its bankers bill in 1968. This is true despite the fact the economy was about fifty dollar bill percent more productive than in 1968. A minimum wage that had kept pace with productivity gains would be roughly $11.20 today (Pollin and Luce, 58). In fact, in 2003 the poverty rate rose from 12.1 to 12.5 percent leaving 35.9 zillion people at or below the poverty line of $18,660 for a family of four (U.S. Census Bureau). These 35.9 million people trudge through their manual of arms labor occupations day in and day out only to regard the (few) dollars they earn slowly depreciate in value. In 1906, John Ryan, commend of the living wage, wrote Every man who is willing to work, has, therefore an inborn chastise to sustenance from the earth and on reasonable terms or conditio... ...ome of the pecuniary burden they experience. With the increasingly inflating dollar and therefore the depreciating value of the minimum wage, an implementation of a universal living wage w ould be the human-centred thing to do.Works CitedHistorical Consumer Price Index. Historical CPI. 2003. 4 march 2015. Pollin, Robert and Stephanie Luce. The Living Wage Building A Fair Economy. newborn York New Press, 1998.U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty 2003 Highlights. 26 August 2004. 25 February 2015.Glickman, Lawrence. A Living Wage American Workers and the Making of a Consumer Society. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1997.Acorn.org. ACORN About Acorn. 2005. 2 demo 2015.

A True Patriot: Walt Whitman Essay -- essays research papers fc

A True Patriot Walt WhitmanWhen one dialogue of slap-up American Poets, if the person has any since of in break upigence, then they can in now way fail to mention Walt Whitman. Whitman is unmistakingly a great American poet, So great, that Ralph Waldo Emerson said that he was an American Shakespeare (Tucker 247). While the debate noneffervescent goes on about that comment, there is no debate about the greatness of Whitman.Walt Whitman was born in West Hills, NY on May 31, 1819 on keen-sighted Island. He was the second of ennead children. He never developed a close relationship with his father, exactly he was very close to his mother. When he was four, he moved to Brooklyn where he went to school for six years and, when he was eleven, dropped out and began function as a clerk in a Law Office. Shortly thereafter, he became a typesetters apprentice. He then began to teach school on Long Island. Bored by this, he began to edit and publish the Long Islander, an area newspaper (Funk 293). besides this attempt at a steady job was unsuccessful as well, he then began to write political essays and started to write what would become his lifes work Leaves of Grass. He would write various books of poems, most of which would be added to Leaves of Grass, which he re-published nine times. Whitman spent his last days as the sage of Camden, New Jersey, where he died on March 36, 1892 (Magill 406).Walt Whitman, through his admiration for a move President, abhorrence of war, and his theme of camaraderie, illustrates a definition of patriotism.Walt Whitman was an American, and he loved President Abraham Lincoln. He had the upmost respect for the sixteenth President of the United States. His admiration was shown in his most famous work, O Captain, My Captain. This is without a doubt the most everyday poem of Whitmans career. In it, he repeats the forge Captain this word refers to Abraham Lincoln, the fallen President. He uses phrases like fallen cold and dead to tell of the mournful death of Lincoln. Whitman mentions a ship, which is the Union in the elegant War. He also uses the voyage to symbolize the Civil War. The overall way of this elegy to Lincoln is grievance for the lost loved one of Whitman. He had a deep reverence for the President and it was a great bruise for him when Lincoln was assassinated (Whitman 63). Another poem that Whitman wrote, that is famous for its grievance of the fallen Presi... ...d have to be close with those around you. The only way to negate the horrors of war is the camaraderie of the soldiers, if they developed friendships then they could look past the wretched thing that is war (Magill 406). A patriot is defined as a person who loves his or her nation. If there is anyone that has ever lived in this great country that can be called that, then it should be Walt Whitman. Whitman showed his love for his country and his fealty to his president. One can deny that he is the greatest American poet, but no one can deny that he is a great American patriot.Works CitedMagill, Frank N. ed. Magills Critical Survey of Poetry. 7 vols. Englewood Cliffs, 1987.Tucker, Martin ed. Moultons Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. The Mid-Nineteenth coke to Edwardianism. Englewood Cliffs, 1975.Unger, Leonard ed. American Writers A Collection of Literary Biographies. 7 vols. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1974.Whitman, Walt. Drum Taps. Grosset & Dunlap New York NODATEWhitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Timeless, Timeless, Themes The American Experience. Upper Saddle River Prentice, 2000.

American Theme-Individualism :: essays research papers

American Theme-Individualism     Literary whole caboodle reflect the main ideas of the American mind. An American motive that is seen in divers(a) works of literature is individuality. Individuality is expressed in iii disparate literary works from frosting, Chopin, and Paine. These works of literature aid us in developing an open mind about what the American people should deport in society. Following others doesnt guide us in each way because it does not entirelyow for us to express our innermost feelings. end-to-end these three works, individualism is expressed in various ways. Although all three works do illustrate the idea of individualism, Paine seems to approach it in a different way.Robert Frosts poem, "The Road Not Taken", is an perceptive idealistic attempt to illustrate the paradox of free will. In the graduation exercise line, Frost uses the metaphor "Two roads diverged" (1), to establish not moreover the hard decision the traveler must make in the poem, and manners itself. The decisions we make in life, like the traveler in this poem, argon not to be taken carelessly. Many have a thirst to be adventurous, yet fear possibilities of failing if we are different from others. In this poem, the road that he decides to take wanted wear. This road is not a well-traveled path and no angiotensin-converting enzyme has taken it before. The central idea of Frosts poem is individualism. Frost shows that being his own person makes life so much less difficult because he is able to exploit the way he would like to without worrying about everyone else. Frost shows us that we should all express our feelings and be our own person, even if no one else will follow. He took the path that no one else did and that has made all the difference.Similarly, in Kate Chopins short story "The Story of an Hour," the central theme of individuality is also expressed. When Mrs. mallard received the news of her husband s dea th, she was in a deep state of grief. After she realized that she would instantaneously have freedom, she began to rejoice. Even though she loved her husband and will cry out for him again, one thought comes to her over and over again free, free, free(546). Mrs. Mallard realizes at that instant that her life from now on is her own to pull through as she chooses no more will she have to give in to the needs and wishes of her husband.