Twentieth-Century Business in South Africa Free Essay Example, 1750 words

South Africa has been classified as a middle-income country by the UN. It has many resources with a well streamed financial system. This is supported by a defined legal, communication and transport system. Johannes Burg Stock Exchange (JSE) is also ranked top twenty in the world which shows the strength of the South African economy. It has a modern infrastructure system that supports the economy but the country is faced with time to the time energy crisis. (William, 2004) Although the country has been classified as a developed country, this development is evident only in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban, and Pretoria. The four regions form the economic centers while the rest of the countryside languishes in poverty. The country has the biggest economy in Africa and the highest per capita income. However, it suffers income gaps which are compounded by the dual economy marketing which makes it a developing nation. Apparently, it has the highest income inequality in the world. The gov ernment has stepped up privatization which is likely to distribute income to all people. Language The country is home to more than 47 million people who are of diverse origins, cultures, and languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Twentieth-Century Business in South Africa or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The majorities are black African, followed by whites, then colored and Indian or Asian are the minority in the country. The black is further classified into Zulu, Xhosa, Basotho, Bapedi, Venda, Tswana, Tsonga, Swazi, and the Ndebele. All these are Bantu speakers with Basotho being the largest ethnic group. The white population is a mixture of Dutch, German, French, Huguenot, English, Irish and Scottish. The whites are further divided to Afrikaners and English speaking. Afrikaner speaks Afrikaans while the other speaks English. The county has eleven official languages including Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivede, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. However, not all these languages are spoken frequently as Zulu, Xhosa, and Afrikaans are the most spoken language in the country.

Light Pollution And The Problems It Creates - 1595 Words

Light Pollution and the Problems it Creates Sci-fi Synopsis: The year is 2258, and in an effort to keep up with the increase in population and industrialization, artificial light has increased to the point where one can no longer tell the difference between night and day, since it is always daytime somewhere in the world. The public have long since forgotten about the sun and the stars. People must initiate certain protocols in their homes in order to gain the dark necessary for sleep. One night, an EMP blast from a solar flare knocks out the power supply for the artificial light, and in the morning, citizens are greeted with a bright circular object in the sky. Scientist’ are tasked with reassuring the public that everything is normal and they take advantage of this opportunity to discover the changes that have occurred in the universe that they have not been able to see for years. Research Paper: In 1879, Thomas Edison’s light bulbs first lit a New York street, and the modern era of electric lighting began. (Chepesuik 2009). This set in motion the illumination of the world as streets, arenas, and high rises took to the sky. As the population of the Earth increases, so does the amount of artificial light produced as people strive to be brought out of the dark and into an industrialized society. One of the areas of concern is in California and Arizona, places that have some of the greatest amounts of light pollution, where a large number of observatories have been built.Show MoreRelatedLight Pollution1702 Words   |  7 Pagessociety known as light pollution. Light pollution is essentially excessive light from outside lighting fixtures that is misused and causes several negative effects. This increasing and perplexing issue is often magnified by industrialization and urban development which often neglects to consider the momentous problems light pollution causes. Desp ite serious efforts to minimize light pollution, â€Å"†¦light pollution rises about 6% every year† (Parks 30). One should know what light pollution entails, theRead MoreEducating Ourselves Is A Responsibility1681 Words   |  7 Pagesever before. So why not learn something new while watching? I watched the documentary City Dark. Named, â€Å"The Best Professional Documentary† in 2011, at the Real to Reel Film and Video Festival, City Dark has inspired many to take a stand for light pollution. City Dark, directed by Ian Cheney, is very influential and has an effect on viewers after they watch it. It teaches the viewers, lessons about the world and the environment they live in and gets them thinking about what viewers can do to helpRead MoreThe Effects Of Light Pollution On The Outdoor Environment1103 Words   |  5 Pagesmisdirected, obstructive or unneeded artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc. Adverse consequences are multiple; some of them may not be known yet. Scientific definitions thus include the following: †¢ Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light. †¢ Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources. †¢ Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (fromRead MoreHow To Prevent Noise Pollution1001 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Noise Pollution? Noise is essentially unwanted information or sharp changes in tones. Noise pollution is the act of creating noise. Noise is measured in decibels: 0 decibels is silent, 0 to 70 decibels is moderate, 70 to 80 decibels is the volume where noise can start becoming problematic. 80 to 120 decibels is considered loud noise and exposure at these levels for extended periods can cause permeant hearing loss. Therefore it is important to reduce noise pollution and your exposure toRead MoreThe Problem of Light Pollution1613 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Research question How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Background In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. Light pollution is the pollution caused by misplaced artificial light. It is a rapidly increasing environmental problem. In the urban landscape that we live in, light pollution can have implications for the visualRead More Quality of Light Affects Quality of Life Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesQuality of Light Affects Quality of Life Light pollution affects the lives of people around the world. It comes in a variety of forms and can be a nuisance, wasteful, and harmful. It may be a street light shining in a window, a high energy bill, or the absence of stars in the sky. Light pollution is a growing problem as human populations continue to thrive, land is increasingly developed, and Earth’s precious resources are consumed. In order to reduce current levels of light pollution and to keepRead MorePollution And Its Effects On Society1670 Words   |  7 Pages Pollution Whenever you walk outside, what is one thing you always see, but may not notice? This issue you overlook constantly is pollution, but you are not the only one that does not notice, it is everyone that takes part in this major issue. In my opinion, the government does not take enough part in stopping or lessening this major issue. Across the globe, pollution exists in all communities and continues to worsen, therefore leaders must make environmental issue priorities and commit moneyRead MoreRecycling Is Important For The Environment1514 Words   |  7 Pagesthat, we can take old and damaged products which are no longer useful and change them back into useful products. Recycling basically has two purposes. First, it helps to eliminate the use of landfills and will help in the reduction of water and air pollution. Secondly, there are materials like glass, aluminum, and plastics that can be converted to other forms and not thrown away. Introduction Today’s environmental concerns are legit and most might think the issue can be overwhelming. Recycling for theRead MoreSustainability : Sustainability And Environmental Sustainability1625 Words   |  7 PagesSustainability is a topic that has become very important in recent years. Sustainability is defined as, â€Å"the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely.† (Finding and Resolving the Root Causes of the Sustainability Problem, 2014) There are three pillars that make up overall sustainability: social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Social sustainability focuses on all human needs being met and a society functioning properly indefinitely. Economic sustainability is achieving aRead MoreProblems Caused by Air Pollution1082 Words   |  5 PagesProblems Caused By Air Pollution Some people think that air pollution is not harming the earth or the people, but it is doing worse, by killing the earth and getting people sick. Air pollutants, according to Gay, are known to cause respiratory diseases, cancer, and other serious illnesses (12). Air pollution not only threatens the health and life of humans but also causes damage to the environment (Gay 13). First, air pollution causes a great deal of health problems. Wanting clean air is

Light Pollution And The Problems It Creates - 1595 Words

Light Pollution and the Problems it Creates Sci-fi Synopsis: The year is 2258, and in an effort to keep up with the increase in population and industrialization, artificial light has increased to the point where one can no longer tell the difference between night and day, since it is always daytime somewhere in the world. The public have long since forgotten about the sun and the stars. People must initiate certain protocols in their homes in order to gain the dark necessary for sleep. One night, an EMP blast from a solar flare knocks out the power supply for the artificial light, and in the morning, citizens are greeted with a bright circular object in the sky. Scientist’ are tasked with reassuring the public that everything is normal and they take advantage of this opportunity to discover the changes that have occurred in the universe that they have not been able to see for years. Research Paper: In 1879, Thomas Edison’s light bulbs first lit a New York street, and the modern era of electric lighting began. (Chepesuik 2009). This set in motion the illumination of the world as streets, arenas, and high rises took to the sky. As the population of the Earth increases, so does the amount of artificial light produced as people strive to be brought out of the dark and into an industrialized society. One of the areas of concern is in California and Arizona, places that have some of the greatest amounts of light pollution, where a large number of observatories have been built.Show MoreRelatedLight Pollution1702 Words   |  7 Pagessociety known as light pollution. Light pollution is essentially excessive light from outside lighting fixtures that is misused and causes several negative effects. This increasing and perplexing issue is often magnified by industrialization and urban development which often neglects to consider the momentous problems light pollution causes. Desp ite serious efforts to minimize light pollution, â€Å"†¦light pollution rises about 6% every year† (Parks 30). One should know what light pollution entails, theRead MoreEducating Ourselves Is A Responsibility1681 Words   |  7 Pagesever before. So why not learn something new while watching? I watched the documentary City Dark. Named, â€Å"The Best Professional Documentary† in 2011, at the Real to Reel Film and Video Festival, City Dark has inspired many to take a stand for light pollution. City Dark, directed by Ian Cheney, is very influential and has an effect on viewers after they watch it. It teaches the viewers, lessons about the world and the environment they live in and gets them thinking about what viewers can do to helpRead MoreThe Effects Of Light Pollution On The Outdoor Environment1103 Words   |  5 Pagesmisdirected, obstructive or unneeded artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc. Adverse consequences are multiple; some of them may not be known yet. Scientific definitions thus include the following: †¢ Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light. †¢ Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources. †¢ Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (fromRead MoreHow To Prevent Noise Pollution1001 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Noise Pollution? Noise is essentially unwanted information or sharp changes in tones. Noise pollution is the act of creating noise. Noise is measured in decibels: 0 decibels is silent, 0 to 70 decibels is moderate, 70 to 80 decibels is the volume where noise can start becoming problematic. 80 to 120 decibels is considered loud noise and exposure at these levels for extended periods can cause permeant hearing loss. Therefore it is important to reduce noise pollution and your exposure toRead MoreThe Problem of Light Pollution1613 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Research question How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Background In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. Light pollution is the pollution caused by misplaced artificial light. It is a rapidly increasing environmental problem. In the urban landscape that we live in, light pollution can have implications for the visualRead More Quality of Light Affects Quality of Life Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesQuality of Light Affects Quality of Life Light pollution affects the lives of people around the world. It comes in a variety of forms and can be a nuisance, wasteful, and harmful. It may be a street light shining in a window, a high energy bill, or the absence of stars in the sky. Light pollution is a growing problem as human populations continue to thrive, land is increasingly developed, and Earth’s precious resources are consumed. In order to reduce current levels of light pollution and to keepRead MorePollution And Its Effects On Society1670 Words   |  7 Pages Pollution Whenever you walk outside, what is one thing you always see, but may not notice? This issue you overlook constantly is pollution, but you are not the only one that does not notice, it is everyone that takes part in this major issue. In my opinion, the government does not take enough part in stopping or lessening this major issue. Across the globe, pollution exists in all communities and continues to worsen, therefore leaders must make environmental issue priorities and commit moneyRead MoreRecycling Is Important For The Environment1514 Words   |  7 Pagesthat, we can take old and damaged products which are no longer useful and change them back into useful products. Recycling basically has two purposes. First, it helps to eliminate the use of landfills and will help in the reduction of water and air pollution. Secondly, there are materials like glass, aluminum, and plastics that can be converted to other forms and not thrown away. Introduction Today’s environmental concerns are legit and most might think the issue can be overwhelming. Recycling for theRead MoreSustainability : Sustainability And Environmental Sustainability1625 Words   |  7 PagesSustainability is a topic that has become very important in recent years. Sustainability is defined as, â€Å"the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely.† (Finding and Resolving the Root Causes of the Sustainability Problem, 2014) There are three pillars that make up overall sustainability: social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Social sustainability focuses on all human needs being met and a society functioning properly indefinitely. Economic sustainability is achieving aRead MoreProblems Caused by Air Pollution1082 Words   |  5 PagesProblems Caused By Air Pollution Some people think that air pollution is not harming the earth or the people, but it is doing worse, by killing the earth and getting people sick. Air pollutants, according to Gay, are known to cause respiratory diseases, cancer, and other serious illnesses (12). Air pollution not only threatens the health and life of humans but also causes damage to the environment (Gay 13). First, air pollution causes a great deal of health problems. Wanting clean air is

Industrial Project of ICC Sydney-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Identify the Business Objectives of ICC Sydney and what strategies have been implemented to meet these objectives. Answer: Overview of ICC Sydney ICC Sydney is the heart of Sydney, which is an inspiration for learning and modern entertainment as well as celebrating the invention in business, arts, and governance. There are multipurpose spaces that are needed for the best customer satisfaction and for that reason customers also get involved with the place for several times. Space can host three separate Programs and each of the events can accumulate almost 8,000 people as this much of seats are available in every sector. The total execution of that area is 35,000 Sqm (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). and this huge area is used for the multipurpose reasons. A grand ballroom is there at the banquet where more than 2000 people can accumulate and purpose their event. The center is an amalgamation of best technologies and Wi-Fi connections or wireless connectivity is the easily available things that found in that Centre. Waterfront location and the upgraded public domains are the business expansion policy for the organization as there are m any interesting factors that attract people to experience their facilities of the organization and ensure the better outcome for the company. There are certain world-class convections and private events that provide the legacy delivered by the hotel for the business organization (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). This is the largest ballroom in Australia and for that reason; programs from the delicate and their reputation can be sustained by the use of this place (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). This is the Australias largest gallery exhibition arena and for this reason, the grand atmosphere found by the people will be amazed by the quality for infrastructure that ICC Sydney has and thus it can mark the standard of hospitality services. People who can afford the place can also entertain by the ultramodern theatre invented by the organization (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). The caliber of mixing the sound and light with the technological assessment of high and low technical projection is the correct exper tise that people may have faced in this organization, which is very innovative and effective for the nature of people (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). ICC Sydney is one of the most technological and well-infrastructure buildings that Australia has for their sustainable hospitality development. An amount of AU$1.5 billion has been invested in the expansion that will connect the new 590 apartment luxury guesthouse, Sofitel Darling Harbor (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Along with that, a new housing and profitable growth, a new pedestrian avenue that will attach the waterside back to Fundamental Station and laneways to add motivate this steady Sydney destination that has been provided by ICC Sydney (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). Business Objectives of ICC Sydney and their implementation processes The basic objective of ICC Sydney is to provide quality service to their customers and maintain their standard and set the example for another hospitality sector. The perspective of ICC Sydney is to indulge mature age workers who have the correct knowledge about the special care and treatment that needed to be in the sector (Saeedi et al. 2016). For the mature work progress, the youth workers those ages up to 25 years also accumulated in this sector but they are not as much mature enough as the others (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). So less complicated job offers the organization to them. The key objectives of ICC Sydney are To attract by the service lining of the employees and maintain diverse culture. To recruit skilled employees and set their vision for the development of the organization. To develop the career opportunities for the employees and ensure the diverse customer base for the sustainable condition of the organization. To retain the supportive workforce approach and expand the career pathway in a respected and inclusive work environment. These are certain objectives that ICC Sydney has followed for the comfortable upbringing of their organization. Attraction and diverse workforce is very important in that case as the network accession and their building up is the correct method that applied by the organization for their development (Bell et al. 2014). The approach is quite segmented as there are different sections and people are working according to their section. Proper Recruitment is another objective that company has implemented for that reason they have targeted skilled people for their business sustainability. The recruitment must enhance the value of the organization as well as the clear vision also portrayed by the effective diverse cultural assimilation of employees (Hebden et al. 2013). Equal development opportunity and growth in employees' position is also important and for that reason, a good customer base has formed and they are considered as the existing customer panel of the company. Retention approach and supportive work environment are needed for the development of career management and exclusive working environment (Davies, Brough Johnstone, 2014). Creating a fairer and respectful position with the company and maintain the work environment is the key intention for the organization. ICC Sydney has considered their employees as their asset so they try to retain their employees and creating a fairer environment in the organization. ICC Sydney has taken Diversity and Inclusion strategy for their development and business expansion. The diversity with respect to age, sex, gender, social background, and ethnicity are important for the diverging nature of the organization (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). For this reason, best training and guidance are provided to all the employees to act mature enough in an organization so that people can involve with the organization and revenue can be generated in an increasing way (Hendrie, Rebuli Golley, 2017). On the other hand, Inclusion strategy is for the development of specific career pathway of employees and incorporate better chances to them for the sustainable business orientation (Trapp et al. 2015). In case of Food events, the organization has so much space that they can utilize for the better arrangement of food material and delivers the quality food to the organization. The 8,000sqm space for the business meetings also used for buffet orientation or the food carnival. However, World class cuisine will be presented in this organization and for that reason quality dishes are also available and philosophy of the food and extent of food that delivers by the organization are unique and excellent (Moghames et al 2016). Healthy juices and fresh seafood with pasta and risotto all these are the quality that provided by the organization. There are some fresh cream ingredient and snacks that also available in ICC Sydney. The organization has launched and dines out process and different families and people from different status accumulate there to taste their food (Lhachimi et al. 2016). The innovative dishes like King Prawns with lemon verbena and kohlrabi or Chicken with seasonal berrie s and ricotta have that establishment by ICC Sydney. The high-class food and regional food preferences are important for the organization and people love to have those foods in ICC Sydney, so the flexible and innovative food deliverance is the key approach that ICC Sydney. Inter-relationship value and Stakeholders initiation For the better fulfillment of those objectives stakeholders initiation is important and relevant for the development of the organizations. In the case of proper inclusive strategy, the specification and market analysis is the only requirement that organization has its concern. For those objectives fulfillment, legitimate planning is required from the organization side (Reeve, 2015). The multi-channel distribution strategy in the section of food has circulated most of the dishes from a different section of the world and that will cherish the taste of people. In case of stakeholders' initiation, there is a different level within in and that consider the internal and external stakeholders. In internal stakeholder, the concern engagements are Company employees, Managers, Owners and Management staffs. They are important for the organizations as they maintain the internal behavior of the organization and engage in all the objectives and strategies. In case of development of an organization , employees are the concern factor on which organization relies on (Subramaniam Wareing, 2016). On the other hand Management authority is liable for the recruitment of effective people so this is the reason they have specific responsibility to do better work and as recruit effective people in their organization. The management team also imposed some strategies and tried to retain most of the employees so that they can deliver a quality product and help the organization for the better revenue generation. Management team and understanding is so vital for the organization that has imposed the quality understanding of the organization and constructed better economy for the organization (Bridge, 2014). In case of those two strategies taken by the organization, their inclusion and divisive strategies are effective enough in the food and beverage section of this organization which suggests quality food and determine the value of those foods from comparing to the comparative market. In case of external stakeholders, Customers are the most important concern for the organization and for that reason ICC Sydney provides their best food quality to their customers (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). The suppliers of food material are also an important stakeholder who can provide all those quality food resources and maintain a healthy relationship with customers and organization (Elkhodr, Shahrestani Cheung, 2015). Government initiation and the development of business are important and this is becoming an important external stakeholder as well. The legal section of the organization and the other legislation related aspects are taken care by the government thus their involvement is needed in that scen ario. The shareholders of the company also have their part in business in terms of monitory share or land or accessories, so the intention is to grow the company at the best level and to consider the company the positive aspect of the company so that improving nature and quality enhancement has done in an effective way (Semiari et al. 2015). Most of the times the stakeholders' are influencing the business situation and for that reason, the inclusion theories for the company and the implementation of those strategies are important for that organization to maintain their business expansion. Strategies are imposed for the better financial structure of the organization and develop the growth sector and investment for the development of the organization. Strategies are mostly analyzed over the event solution and for the better development of the organization; stakeholders have to take their ignition to don the business in an ethical way (Subramaniam Wareing, 2016). Numerous quality foods that introduced by the company and for that reason, Australian people are lucky enough to have this on their land. The internal infrastructure of the company and the business delivering measure is the correct momentum that determined by the organization and as the organization has so grand endures thus their position in the business market is also big, so the reason has come when they had formed the company and sustain for long. This is beneficial for the organization also to manage the food approach that suits the company and that also maintain the physical and mental up gradation of the management to provide the possible understanding of the management (Espieira Santaclara, 2016). The direction of the organization is customer based and for that reason, the basic food and beverage section is involved in the continual change that management has done to sustain in their position in a competitive field. Analyze the correct objective and implement the proper stakeholder initiative for controlling the objective is the right manner that ICC Sydney has done for years. The world-class company basically depends on their secured position that has achieved by providing good food and beverages to the customers and for that reason, the security over food and business has sustained (Taylor, 2014). Food and beverage department links with all the objectives by applying those strategies and makes good decisions for the betterment of the organization (Iccsydney.com.au, 2017). These objectives are necessary enough to implement as identifying those difficulties in food and beverage s ection and imposed those recommend in this section so that food industry of ICC Sydney can sustain in the long term and people want to come here and their revenue generation will sustain. References Bell, L. K., Golley, R. K., Magarey, A. M. (2014). A short food-group-based dietary questionnaire is reliable and valid for assessing toddlers' dietary risk in relatively advantaged samples.British journal of nutrition,112(4), 627-637. Bridge, S. H. (2014). Ieee icc 2014 explores next wave digital communications in wondrous sydney, australia.IEEE Communications Magazine, 9. Davies, B. J., Brough, M., Johnstone, E. (2014). Food safety strategy template: supporting information. Elkhodr, M., Shahrestani, S., Cheung, H. (2015, December). A smart home application based on the Internet of Things management platform. InData Science and Data Intensive Systems (DSDIS), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 491-496). IEEE. Espieira, M., Santaclara, F. J. (Eds.). (2016).Advances in food traceability techniques and technologies: improving quality throughout the food chain. Woodhead Publishing. Hebden, L., Kostan, E., OLeary, F., Hodge, A., Allman-Farinelli, M. (2013). Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire as a measure of recent dietary intake in young adults.PloS one,8(9), e75156. Hendrie, G. A., Rebuli, M. A., Golley, R. K. (2017). Reliability and relative validity of a diet index score for adults derived from a self?reported short food survey.Nutrition Dietetics,74(3), 291-297. Iccsydney.com.au (2017) The Power of Connections retrieved from https://www.iccsydney.com.au/news/People/the-power-of-connections [Accessed on 20th November 2017] Lhachimi, S. K., Pega, F., Heise, T. L., Fenton, C., Gartlehner, G., Griebler, U., ... Katikireddi, S. V. (2016). Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes.The Cochrane Library. Moghames, P., Hammami, N., Hwalla, N., Yazbeck, N., Shoaib, H., Nasreddine, L., Naja, F. (2016). Validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary intake among Lebanese children.Nutrition journal,15(1), 4. Reeve, B. (2015). Setting the Scene: Advertising Unhealthy Food and Childhood Obesity--The Food Pyramid Meets the Regulatory Pyramid: Responsive Regulation of Food Advertising to Children. Saeedi, P., Skeaff, S. A., Wong, J. E., Skidmore, P. M. (2016). Reproducibility and relative validity of a short food frequency questionnaire in 910 year-old children.Nutrients,8(5), 271. Semiari, O., Saad, W., Daw, Z., Bennis, M. (2015, June). Matching theory for backhaul management in small cell networks with mmWave capabilities. InCommunications (ICC), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 3460-3465). IEEE. Subramaniam, P., Wareing, P. (Eds.). (2016).The Stability and Shelf Life of Food. Woodhead Publishing. Subramaniam, P., Wareing, P. (Eds.). (2016).The Stability and Shelf Life of Food. Woodhead Publishing. Taylor, M. (Ed.). (2014).Handbook of natural antimicrobials for food safety and quality. Elsevier. Trapp, G. S., Hickling, S., Christian, H. E., Bull, F., Timperio, A. F., Boruff, B., ... Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Individual, social, and environmental correlates of healthy and unhealthy eating.Health Education Behavior,42(6), 759-768.

Business Responsibility and Sustainability Corporate Social Responsib

Question: Discuss about the Business Responsibility and Sustainability? Answer: Sainsbury is the second largest chains of supermarkets in the United Kingdom (Sainsburys.co.uk, 2016). Sainsbury was established in the year 1969 in Drury Lane, London, United Kingdom. It maintains a total share value of 16.9%. This particular organizational in the study maintains a functional business structure (AhÃÅ'Â £mad and Crowther, 2013). The study will highlight the level of sustainability and responsibility to the selected organization. Over the years the company has tried to implement the necessary strategies that has been beneficial and effective for the sustainable growth of the organization. 1: There are certain factors, which are involved in the process of development of a whole business operation. The study will highlight three essential elements of business sustainability in the organization. The three factors are social and environmental risk, obligations, opportunities, and maintaining a smooth and natural flow of the financial management in the business operations. All the three selected factors in the business organization allow the different organization to maintain a sustainable level of business (Amaeshi, Nnodim and Osuji, 2013). Commerce sustainability requires the firm to stick on to the principles of the sustainable environment development process. Meeting the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future is known as the notion of sustainability in the business. Sainsbury follows a traditional approach in the business operations to maintain sustainability and responsibility in the enterprise environment. Stakeholder engagement, environmental management system, reporting, and disclosure of cycle analysis are the critical factors, which this particular organization, Sainsbury needs to follow in the development process of sustainability and responsibility in the organizational behavior (Birkin and Polesie, 2012). With respect to the global scenario, it might be said that Sainsbury have included the idea of inclusion. The distinction based on caste, religion etc has been included in the strategies of the renowned organization. Profit, people, and planets are the three positive impacts towards maintaining a sustainable business environment. Application of different kinds of business models and small decisions grounded regarding financial, environmental, and social concerns (Aras and Crowther, 2012). These are the three important factors, which has been implemented by the company to foster their image in the organization. The initiative of the organization includes making the youths active. Under this category of sustainable development, there has been a number of positive imitative by Sainsbury. This is to make the environment a better place to live in without the depletion of the essential resources. There are certain issues, which this particular regulatory organization faced in the operations of the business. Some of the key sustainability issues, which this particular organization faces in recent time, are corporate social responsibility; environmental problems and an increase in waste materials (Bredeson, 2012). These are the fundamental questions, which affected the organizational stability and accountability of Sainsbury. Corporate social responsibility is one of the key factors, which every business organization follows in the operations of the company. Sainsbury faced several issues in their daily business operations (Cabezas and Diwekar, 2012). The second factor, which affected the sustainability of the company of Sainsbury, is the lack of optimum utilization of resources. Optimum use of resources is one of the main factors, which increases the level of waste materials in the production process of the business. The organization also faces several issues related to enviro nment (Chu, 2012). There are certain rules and regulations which government of different country develops towards the development of corporate social responsibility. However, this particular organization faced some issues while maintaining the notion of CSR. 2: The second part of the study concludes the concept of the global ecological social sustainability and statistics. In the era of globalization, the business options are diversified. The bulk of the organization gets the opportunity to organize different business operations beyond the local boundary (da Silva Lopes and Casson, 2012). The purchasing decisions of the customers are expanded in the era of globalization. This part of the study will focus on the highlighted issues within the parameters of global ecological and social sustainability (Daniel, 2012). There are four parameters in the concept of the social stability. Economical factor, environmental factor, political factor, and cultural factors are the four parameters towards maintaining the social stability of the business (Finch, 2012). These are the four factors, which the selected organization in the study follows in the operational activities of the business. There are several approaches towards maintaining the social su stainability of the enterprise (Fleming and Jones, 2013). Out of the three selected issues in the study, the concept of the CSR is one of the most significant issues. Maintaining the ethics is also an important aspect, which needs to be analyzed. Figure 1: Global sustainability (Source: da Silva Lopes and Casson, 2012) There are different kinds of practices, which are included in the process of development of a strong customer relationship management (Gonzalez-Perez and Leonard, 2013). Market structure is one of the major factors, which needs to be emphasized. The entire retail sector management falls under the notion of the perfectly competitive market structure. This particular marketing structure maintains unique features as compared with other marketing structures (Halkias and Thurman, 2012). The concept of sustainability and responsibility indicates positive impact towards maintaining a definite competitive advantage in the market. The plan and policies of the organization need to be supporting in such a way, which will ensure in the achievement of the common organizational goals and objectives (Haynes, Murray and Dillard, 2013). This is one of the major problems, which is emphasized in this study. The organization is not ensuring the optimum use of resources, which resulted in the process of increase in the reduction process (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). The manufacturing and the production system of the organization need to follow a proper business operation, which will allow the organization to maintain sustainability in the enterprise. In order to solve this particular issue some of the essential points, which this particular organization needs to develop, are discussed as follows. The financial plans and policies of the organization must be emphasized in the business operations (Kurtz and Boone, 2012). The objective of the enterprise is to make the positive impact on the economy, environment, and society. In order, maintain the sustainability of the business the current organization in the study developed an active monitoring system. The concept of the surveillance system in the organization will allow the organization to be benefited in different ways (Norton, 2012). Marinating a proper tracking system in the organization will enable Sainsbury to overcome different kinds of problems, which are identified in the group. Matching the actual performance with the planned performance of the legislative procedure will allow the company to determine the critical issues (Potter, 2012). It will help the organization conclude the best alternative solutions to solve the particular problem. The concept of (20x20) sustainability plan is a key initiative, which this particular group focuses in the development process (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2012). Within the year of 2020, the company concentrates on the achievement of the organizational goals and regulatory activities. As it is one of the most common retail sector management, there are several areas, which this particular organization needs to focus on the development process of the organizational plans and activities. Some of the most important factors, which need to be focused, are classified into different segments (Robinson, 2012). The developed vision and missions of the company will help the manage ment to overcome various types of selected issues. Best food quality, timeline, and business operations are the three essential factors, which are highlighted in the functioning of the company (Halkias and Thurman, 2012). Figure 2: Global sustainability (Source: Potter, 2012) 3: Sainsbury UK faces various issues in handling the business in an efficient manner. Stakeholders of Sainsbury UK comments on restoration aims for the business organization. They face issues with social as well as environmental impacts in aiming of the reduced damage in a comprehensive manner. Sainsbury should focus on promoting sustainable diets and improving in the food system for the same (Steve Vargo. and Lusch, 2012). They face issues with the rising costs and climatic change in the scarcity patterns by the British Farmers. Multi dimensional sustainability is one of the most crucial and significant point which is highlited in the study. The implication of strong governance depicts interference and slow progress in the sustainability design in an overall manner. Shareholders feel that Sainsbury is capable of commitment towards high quality as well as standards of production for the same. The concept of the stakeholders in the study is very much significant. The plan of the organ ization is to conclude about the best possible solution in order to solve the required in the organization. British farmers should meet the expectation of quality food and conduction of additional demand shortly (Tanner and Raymond, 2012). This attributes will enable in a positive signal for Sainsbury UK and facing massive investment pressures in a comprehensive manner. Stakeholders believe Sainsbury UK have the ability for indulging in new commitment level as well as enhancing own branded products for related fair trade activities in a comprehensive manner (Amaeshi, Nnodim and Osuji, 2013). Sainsbury UK faces issues with weak as well as vulnerable workers in and around the world. Stakeholders believe in handling the food wastage by WRAP and agreeing with the help of resource efficiency patterns in an inclusive manner. Stakeholders enhance crucial steps in helping the people in the job market in case of continuous work in a comprehensive manner (Thorson and Duffy, 2012). Sainsbury UK faces challenges and sustainability issues on matters relating to deforestation, overfishing as well as poor land management, and increased usage of energy in an overall manner (da Silva Lopes and Casson, 2012). This particular company enhances high stress on the generation of the global food system in an overall manner. Addition to that, it faces issues like climate change as well as water scarcity damaging the environmental aspects in a comprehensive manner. It needs to face population growth issues affecting the long-term security of supply for the same (Werhane, 2012). This company sources essential raw materials for the attainment of sustainable independent standards in an overall manner. Sainsbury aims at achieving the sustainable advantage by achieving highest standards shortly (AhÃÅ'Â £mad and Crowther, 2013). Sustainability issues of Sainsbury UK include meeting the expectation level of customers and buying high quality British food for the same. It is necessa ry for conduction of sustainable business practices by the suppliers in the end. The company faces challenges with supply chain management and working patterns of the British farmers in an overall manner. It is a challenging task for managing the carbon emissions for the operational activities for the carbon footprint in an inclusive manner. Challenges include carbon emissions and supply chain enhancement for the full life-cycle impact of the products for the same (Amaeshi, Nnodim and Osuji, 2013). They face issues with rainwater harvesting in supermarket stores in an adverse manner. It faces collaboration issues in sensitive central zones for planning the water usage and managing with the supply risk in an inclusive manner (Aras and Crowther, 2012). Sainsbury UK overhauls with change management pattern for the attainment of generation revenues shortly. It mainly focuses on the radical change levels as well as viewing at the shopping habits for the same (Baggini, 2012). This particular retail supermarket faces challenging task from the past 30 years and evolving in the shopping habits by the customers. In the recent market condition, Sainsbury UK reports changed 2.8 in the sales pattern from the past 16 weeks. In the change management issues, it faces poor trading updating from the company in the recent years in an inclusive manner (Birkin and Polesie, 2012). Corporate Social Responsibility of Sainsbury UK ensures massive differentiation in embedding respect for the environmental factors in the decision-making process in an inclusive manner. Sainsbury UK implements the model for providing the change management process in an efficient manner. It helps in ascertaining with the business process especially HR training change in the company organization for the same (Bredeson, 2012). Business Process re-engineering involves advocating process orientation for analysis in the centralization of training system of Sainsbury UK (Sainsburys.co.uk, 2016). This particular change management process ensures ways in meeting the needs of the business as well as customers in a comprehensive manner. This particular approach considers as context sensitive aspect prevailing in the business organization for the same (Cabezas and Diwekar, 2012). It mainly undergoes main stages including process mapping. This implies drawing flowchart for centralizing in the training activities sequence in the most appropriate way (Chu, 2012). It is very much important for the organization to develop different changes in the organizational plans and procedure. One of the most important parts in the entire organizational plans and procedure is to develop a proper decision making activities in the organization. The notion of the decision-making activities plays a vital role towards the achievement of the organizational plans and procedures (Collins, 2012). The implementation of plans and procedure is one of the most factors in the entire organizational decision making activities in the organization. In the era of globalization, there are different kinds of factors, which different organizations needs to following in the organizational operations. 4: Sainsbury UK faces several issues that made the company for considering the change management process in the business activities. This particular company lost its market position and performance in the year 2004. It needs updating of store outlets as well as the distribution of IT (da Silva Lopes and Casson, 2012). Transformational changes ensure recording the favorable results for the lack of proper consultation with responsive stakeholders for the same. Organization aims at maximization of the wealth of the shareholders as well as satisfying with the pursuing profitability pattern in the future course of business activities. It failed to address past administration issues and change leadership process in the relevant process in an inclusive manner. Increased shareholder wealth ensures high significant interest rate for the change-programming pattern shortly (Daniel, 2012). This particular retail market emphasizes on marketing strategies for ensuring consumer satisfaction as well as excellent customer service in an inclusive manner (Fleming and Jones, 2013). Problem and challenges are always there in the management. In the era of globalization, the concept of competition exists in each level of the management (Finch, 2012). Some of the important factors of globalization will allow the organization to diversify the different elements of globalization. Change in the entire management system will ensure the organization to develop different kinds of plans and strategies, which will help the organization to bring different changes in the entire organizational plans and procedures. The purchasing options of the customers are more diversified as compared with the traditional mode of shopping (Haynes, Murray and Dillard, 2013). The majority of the business organization gets the advantage to organize different kinds of business activities over the national boundary. If the business increases, it will automatically allow the organization to increase sales and profit simultaneously which are the main two factors. In the change management system, it is necessary for planning relevant measures for targeting the improving customer patronage for the same. It is required for considering thorough knowledge in the training and development factors in an inclusive manner. Staff members should involve in the implementation process for better communication with the stakeholders in the most appropriate way (Fleming and Jones, 2013). Integration of objectivity requires massive business expansion for Sainsbury UK. It helps in diversification into new products as well as industries for the same. It faces issues with complex administration pattern for resisting in the employee partners in an inclusive manner. This particular organization should create new change in achieving future goals as well as objectives for the same (Gonzalez-Perez and Leonard, 2013). Change in the management in the entire organizational behavior is one of the most important things in the organization (da Silva Lopes and Casson, 2012). The management needs to organize all the corporate plans and procedure in a conventional direction, which will allow the organization to achieve the overall goals and objectives. If the change is made in the organization, it enables the organization to implement different kinds of plans and procedures, which will enable the organization to implement all the plans and policies to bring different changes (Halkias and Thurman, 2012). The present study summarizes all the important factors, which concludes about the sustainability of the business. The selected organization in the study is Sainsbury. The present assignment will conclude the readers about the current issues faced by Sainsbury in the current operations of the business. It is one of the most common retail chain group and ranked second in the world. Corporate social responsibility is the highlighted point in the study. There are certain issues, which this particular organization in the study is facing during the operations of the business. There are certain issues, which the present organization in the study faces in the operations of the business. Optimum utilization of resources is one of the most important factors, which the selected organization in the study faces in the operations of the business. All the important factors of the business are highlighted in the study. Business sustainability is the ultimate factor, which ensures in the smooth opera tions of the business. In order to solve the specified issues in the organization, the concept of change in the entire management system is required. There are certain factors, which are highlighted in the study to conclude about the change in the organizational plans and procedure. Ecological and sustainability are the two factors, which are reflected in the contextualization of the sustainability. Change in the management system of the organization will ensure in solving the selected problem in the organization in the best possible manner. Reference List AhÃÅ'Â £mad, J. and Crowther, D. (2013).Education and corporate social responsibility. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Amaeshi, K., Nnodim, P. and Osuji, O. (2013).Corporate social responsibility, entrepreneurship, and innovation. New York: Routledge. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2012).Business strategy and sustainability. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Baggini, J. (2012).Ethics. London: Quercus. Birkin, F. and Polesie, T. (2012).Intrinsic sustainable development. Singapore: World Scientific. Bredeson, D. (2012).Applied business ethics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Cabezas, H. and Diwekar, U. (2012).Sustainability. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers. Chu, M. (2012).Sustainable environment and transportation. Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. Collins, D. (2012).Business ethics. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. da Silva Lopes, T. and Casson, M. (2012). Brand Protection and the Globalization of British Business.Business History Review, 86(02), pp.287-310. Daniel, S. (2012).Principles of marketing. [Place of publication not identified]: Kendall Hunt. Finch, J. (2012).Marketing Principles Essentials. Newburyport: Research Education Association. Fleming, P. and Jones, M. (2013).The end of corporate social responsibility. London: SAGE. Gonzalez-Perez, M. and Leonard, L. (2013).International business, sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Bingley [England]: Emerald. Halkias, D. and Thurman, P. (2012).Entrepreneurship and sustainability. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Haynes, K., Murray, A. and Dillard, J. (2013).Corporate social responsibility. London: Routledge. Idowu, S., Capaldi, N., Zu, L. and Das Gupta, A. (2013).Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Berlin: Springer. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kurtz, D. and Boone, L. (2012).Principles of contemporary marketing. Australia: Southwestern Cengage Learning. Norton, M. (2012).Sustainability. London: Routledge. Potter, N. (2012).The library marketing toolkit. London: Facet Publishing. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2012).Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Robinson, Z. (2012).Sustainability. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. Sainsburys.co.uk, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.sainsburys.co.uk/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2016]. Steve Vargo., and Lusch, R. (2012).Toward a better understanding of the role of value in markets and marketing. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Pub. Tanner, J. and Raymond, M. (2012).Principles of marketing. Irvington, N.Y.: Flat World Knowledge. Thorson, E. and Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Werhane, P. (2012). Globalization and Its Challenges for Business and Business Ethics in the Twenty-first Century.Business and Society Review, 117(3), pp.383-405.

Business Aims and Objectives and the Marketing Mix Essay Example

Business Aims and Objectives and the Marketing Mix Paper What defines an aim is a long term cooperate aim that an organization intends to achieve; it’s the overall purpose. For instance, a business may want to make additional income in comparison to the previous year. In addition to this corporate aim, a business might consider increasing their receipts by putting offers on specific products or advancing their promotion to inform their target audience and raise awareness and interest; this is considered to be the businesses objective. Objectives are considered to be targets which help support the corporate aim and intend to help the business meet their corporate aim in the long run; they’re the outcomes needed in order to achieve the corporate aim. Business’ produce aims and objectives for a number of reasons, which may range from survival to growth. A business objective is a detailed picture of a guide you plan to take in order to achieve a stated, long-term aim. A set of objectives for a smaller, newer business who desires to survive may be to create a regular customer base, gain a small share of a market, etc. in order to create additional profit/revenue that can be put into the capital to be used for advance the business. However for a bigger, existing organization this may be to provide a better service level in comparison to its competitors, to also gain a bigger market share, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Aims and Objectives and the Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Business Aims and Objectives and the Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Business Aims and Objectives and the Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In relation to this, a new business will have only one essential short term strategic corporate aim which is to survive in the market. Additionally, the business will decide to generate objectives in order to meet its short term essential corporate aim. In addition to survival being the corporate aim, you might consider objectives such as generating profit or generating a positive net cash flow in order to produce receipts in the first few months. In order for this to occur, a business may consider the marketing activities of the business and inquire the marketing department to produce a cash flow graph or a break-even analysis to predict what will occur in the first month so that they’ll be prepared for the months to come and will be capable of preparing for them or even may help solve future problems. However, for a business that has been existent for an excessive duration and has been trading for an elongated period, they will have a more complicated, specific and varied long term strategic corporate aims and objectives that they’d desire to meet. This may be to develop further in terms of revenue and profit over time or through market share, promotion, etc. More specifically, they may consider corporate aims such as profit maximization, to eliminate competition, to expand and diversify. In relation to profit maximization as a corporate aim; objectives such as employing additional workers who’re willing to work for elongated hours may be taken into consideration. Whether you’re a new business or a business that has been existent for an excessive period of time, the objectives generated should be S.M.A.R.T objectives. Hence the acronym, your objectives should be specific, meaning that you’re stating exactly what your business is trying to achieve; they should be measureable, meaning that you’re capable of measuring what has been and what needs to be achieved; agreed, so that everyone’s approval has been taken into account and supports the objective; realistic, meaning that you’re taking into consideration the business’ resources, competition, etc.; and time specific, relationally meaning that your business should consider when these objectives should be achieved by. Additionally, key themes should also be taken into consideration when wanting to produce corporate aims and objectives. In Relation to the key themes, you should make sure that you’re using a well-structured procedure for making good decisions so that there are no situations along the way of meeting your overall corporate aim. Furthermore, a business should understand and determine the criteria for making decisions in uncertain times, the accountability for decisions made facing uncertainty, and the heuristics and biases when making decisions. In addition to this, the business may want to produce a cash flow graph in order to help predict the outcomes of the corporate aims made by the business. Corporate aims and objectives are considered to be beneficial as they’re helpful when a business is desired to survive, grow and make profit, which are the main aims that a business desires to exceed in. In relation to survival, regardless of the business’ status or dimension, survival will be considered whilst generating corporate aims and objectives because it’s the survival that maintains the business and needs to be taken into account at the early stages of trading, when the trading difficulty advances, and when there’s competitors who’re threats of taking over. Survival also allows the business to grow otherwise they may suffer a result in a loss of competitiveness. Additionally, when trading increases its difficulty, or when a competitor has more superior revenue, a business will consider generating aims and objectives in order to maintain their success.

Never share this information at work

Never share this information at work Networking is what gets you in the door, but building real relationships with coworkers is what keeps you there and earns you respect. And you can’t really connect to people- even colleagues- if you don’t open up and share every once in a while. But sometimes the bonding goes too far. When sharing becomes oversharing, you can erode any credibility you’ve built up in a workplace. Here are a few things smart and successful people make a rule of never  bringing up in the workplace.How much you hate your coworkersNo matter how terrible Bob in Sales is at his job, it’s not something you can talk about with your coworkers- even your friends. Unless you’re talking to your best non-work friends or your partner, there’s no cause to broadcast someone’s ineptitude. Be kind. Take the high road. And for that matter, don’t smack talk about your boss or how much you hate your job either.PoliticsBy far the easiest way to alienate someone is t o casually discuss politics. Things are quite simply too fraught these days. A haphazard comment here or there could really lose you points. In general, it’s best not to mix office and politics in general- tense times or not. You never know where someone (or the cubemate quietly listening) stands. If others are talking politics, listen and smile and step outside.  How much you makeEven if you’re sharing your salary to commiserate with other low-level earners, you never know what those people might be making. It could be even less than you. Don’t run the risk of humblebragging. And definitely don’t outright brag. First of all, nobody cares. Second, they’ll just assume you’re a materialistic jerk.Your sex life†¦ or anybody else’sReally, there’s no reason to divulge any details about what goes on in your bedroom. Or worse- to speculate about what might or might not go on in someone else’s. It’s just gossip, wh ich is never a good idea. Plus, it’s likely against company policy. You just never know when you might make someone feel uncomfortable, so respect work and personal boundaries.Your ongoing job huntIf you’re job hunting because you’ve outgrown your position or you just plain hate your job, that’s fine. Keep it on the DL. Nobody wants to be friends with the kid who doesn’t even want to be on the playground with the other kids.Your online presenceUnless you become actual friends with a coworker, it’s best to keep your social media networks separate. LinkedIn is great for work friends, but keep your Facebook and Twitter and Instagram to people who won’t be annoyed by your vacation photos of margaritas and tequila shots.Offensive jokesAgain, anything off-color is probably going to get you in trouble with your human resources department. If you have a racist, misogynist, or intolerant joke in your pocket, do yourself a favor and keep it to yourself. You  will offend someone and people  will think less of you. Is it really worth the forced laughter?Your dreams of a promotionIt’s fine to covet rungs above yours on the ladder. It’s not fine to tell people that you’re out to unseat your coworker or your boss. The news will definitely get back to that person, ruining a relationship for good. And whether or not you get your way, you won’t have the respect of everyone around you.Personal dramaYou might be having problems at home, or in your relationship, or with your health. Save intensely personal tales for your besties and your therapist. At the very least, save them for lunch hour with one or two close work friends, not your water cooler buddy. Work is not the place to be blabbing about your issues and emotions- it’s a professional setting, no matter how casual the office and how kind the people.

Kahil Gibran and his Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kahil Gibran and his Reflections - Essay Example In addition, he holds that love allows gathering patience, willpower and makes person more resistable to external calamities: "It is something that gathers strength with patience, grows despite obstacles, warms in winter" (ibid). Another interesting notion which can be found in the story, is the growth of love in the situation of disconnection or lack of communication between the beloved. The author shows how the feeling flourishes, when the protagonist reflect upon it, whereas his dearest person is faraway. Another characteristic of beloved person can be drawn from another marvelous poem - 'Love is a Magic Ray'. In this sense, the beloved have light minds, as they full of illusionary freedom and euphoria. In fact, the author indicates that the beloved view life through rose-colored glasses, because the strong feeling facilitates and simplifies the perception of life. The fourth poem I would like to examine is 'The Beloved: Reflections on the Path of the Heart', which skillfully and metaphorically 'tests' the genuineness of feelings, as there are several criteria which help distinguish beloved person.

Effects of Globalization on Regional Security Essay

Effects of Globalization on Regional Security - Essay Example Communication and transportation have acted as a catalyst for globalization. Communication has enabled increased connectivity among the global communities. Transportation has facilitated physical movement of people and merchandise. This has resulted in a globe connected in a dynamic manner (McGrew ND). Therefore, an event that occurs in one part of the globe will have repercussion on other countries. A terrorist attack will lead to global panic since it may lead to closure of many airports internationally. Similarly, the plummeting of the value of stocks in one of the key security market may culminate in similar occurrences in other markets. This write up will evaluate the impact of globalization on the regional security across the globe (Bardhan 2005, p. 50). Southern Sudan conflict Globalization has numerous consequences, which include an increase in international trade, weapons proliferation and cultural exchange. Some of these impacts of this phenomenon have affected regional sec urity in some regions globally (McGrew ND). This write up will highlight some of those examples across the globe. The discovery of crude oil in Southern Sudan brought excitement to that nation. Consequently, leading nations across the globe wanted to partake in the exploitation of this resource. However, the Southern Sudanese community felt short-changed in the sharing of the resultant funds. This resulted in a 21-year conflict in the southern part of Sudan. The conflict required constant supply of weapons to sustain the conflict. Globalization has culminated in the proliferation of weaponry globally. Consequently, there are unscrupulous individuals who trade in this kind of arsenal. Rebels do not buy weaponry legally consequently; they seek black-market traders. These traders denote proliferation of weapons since they work under no regulations hence; they sell to any client that pays the right price for such artillery. Therefore, the proliferation of weapons was a factor, which fue lled the Southern Sudan conflict, which lasted over two decades with massive human casualty. The proliferation of weapon resulted directly from globalization. Consequently, this conflict was a directly related to globalization. This conflict had a massive impact on regional peace in East Africa and resulted in instability in other parts of the region such as northern Uganda. Weapon acquired from the black market were vital since they ensured that the rebels could sustain the conflict (Stiglitz 2002, p. 90). Niger delta conflict Nigeria has massive oil reserve in the Niger delta, which is a mangrove. The oil generates massive foreign currency, which has contributed massively to that nation’s wealth. Foreign companies are involved in the exploitation of oil in that nation which resulted in rebels attacks in the areas. The rebels claim that the central government is not apportioning the resultant resources appropriately. Globalization has allowed international companies to inves t in various nations across the globe. This kind of investment denotes the impacts of globalization on the economic front. However, this has culminated in the rise of a conflict. The rebels claim that the companies, which exploit oil, fail to invest the massive returns in the delta region. Globalization has resulted in the elite global companies being the chief beneficiary of the

Financial statements analysis and financial models(question answers) Assignment

Financial statements analysis and financial models(question answers) - Assignment Example a company, without seeking for debt finance, the following are two ways a company can adopt in order to increase the sustainable growth rate: first, the utility rate of assets should be increased in order to increase the revenue generated, thus, increase the net income. An increase in the net income increases both the ROE and the payout ratio. Second, the company can depend on either retained earnings or equity finance to fund the undertakings of projects with positive net present value. ROE = Profit margin*Total asset turnover*equity multiplier = (0.55*1.9*0.063) = 6.5835%. Sustainable growth = (ROE*b)/1- (ROE*b). 0.09 = (0.065835b)/ 1 – (0.065835b). b = 1.2546 = (1 – payout ratio). Therefore, payout ratio = (1.2546 – 1) = 25.46%. Consequently, for the growth rate to be achieved, the dividend payout ratio must be 25.46%. The interpretation means that the company will use 25.46% of the net income to fund dividend payment. The approximate sustainable growth rate SGR = (ROEb)/1- (ROEb). ROE = (Net income/equity) = (95,000/230,000) = 41.30%. The payout ratio = (42,000/95,000) = 44.21%. Therefore, SGR = (0.413*0.4421)/1 – (0.413* 0.4421) = 0.1826/ (1- 0.1826) = 22.34%. The exact sustainable growth rate = 22.339124%. Since the value of equity never changed during the period, the ROE is remains unchanged. Therefore, the approximate sustainable growth rate is similar to the above determined

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties All-carbon materials have received lots of attention in the past. Carbyne, a new allotrope of carbon, is still in controversy towards its synthesis and property. Combining with the Goroff group’s research, this project is to prepare the polymer PIDA (polydiiododiacetylene) as a polyrotaxane complex, encapsulated in a column of macrocyclic hosts. The polyrotaxane structure will prevent aggregation of the PIDA strands, allowing for the complete dehalogenation of the polymer to make carbyne. The proposed route is shown in Scheme 1.1. PIDA, a precursor of carbyne, can be made from diiodobutadiyne and macrocyclic hosts via topochemical polymerization and host-guest strategy, in which macrocyclic host will self-assemble into column structure and diiodobutadiyne will form halogen bonds with host. All-carbon materials have been widely investigated because of their potential properties, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and hardness. They exist in different morphologies with various properties, such as diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, graphere, fullerene and carbyne . Diamond, consisting of all sp3 hybridized carbons, has many unusual properties, such as extreme hardness, high optical transmittance and wide band gap and so on.1 Because of these potential properties, the synthesis of diamond is of great interest. It can be synthesized through chemical vapor deposition, including hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD); high frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD); and DC plasma discharge.1b Graphite is made of sp2 hybridized carbon. It has a layered honeycomb structure and behaves as a good conductor.2 Fullerenes exist in different sizes, such as C60, C70 and C82. The C60 fullerene was first reported by Kroto and coworkers.3 It is an all-carbon polyhedral cage molecule with each atom sp2 hybridized and directly bonded to three neighbors. All valences of carbon atom in the molecule are satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond. Graphene is single atom thick layer of graphite, which can be used in composite material , electric battery and hydrogen storage.4 Carbon nanotubes usually have cylindrical nanostructure and made of different length-to-diameter ratio. Because of its special electrical, electrochemical and optical properties, carbon nanotubes were widely investigated in electronics, biological and energy application.5 Carbyne, having all-sp-hybridized carbon, is highly reactive. Carbyne, an sp hybridized all-carbon chain, is a new allotrope of carbon and has potential special properties as all carbon material, which has attracted considerable interest since discovery back in 1960. Because of its instability, it is less well known than the other carbon allotropes. The investigation of carbyne or carbyne-like structures is still underway while the results are often unclear. Researchers have tried to synthesize carbyne or carbyne-like materials in several ways, such as chemical dehydrohalogenation and electrochemical synthesis. Evsyukov et al.6 studied dehydrohalogenation of poly (ethylene-alt-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PE-a-CTFE)to make carbyne. PE-a-CTFE was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran to form a halogen-substituted polyenyne structure with randomly distributed isolated triple bonds. Theoretically, the synthesis was showed below. Elimination of hydrogen halides was incomplete, which could result from the insufficient strength of the base, sterical hindrances caused by its bulkiness and alternation defects in the original copolymer. Wang and coworkers7 claimed to form carbyne-like material via electrochemical method. 1, 1, 2-trichloroethylene was dehydrochlorinated with t-buthanolate, which was formed from t-butylalcohol on a Ni cathode in dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte solution under anaerobic conditions. However, this method was not effective because of reactive carbon, oxidation with O2 and cross-linking of polyyne-like chains. In above reports, no evidence of formation of carbyne is observed and the properties of carbyne remain unrealized. Recently, polyynes, analogues of carbyne, have been widely investigated to predict the properties of carbyne. Polyynes are one-dimensional chains with alternating single and triple bonds. The synthesis of long polyynes chains was first reported by Walton and coworkers.8 They used Cu-catalyzed oxidative Hay coupling techniques to synthesize triethylsilyl-capped polyynes. Tykwinski and coworkers also synthesized several polyynes with a variety of end groups, in which bulky end groups would increase the stability and solubility of polyynes. In 2010, Tykwinski reported the synthesis of polyynes with as manys as 44 sp-carbons.9 They used bulky tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl (Tr) as end groups and stabilize the chain. The synthesis method is shown in Scheme 1.4. When the polyynes become larger and larger, the effect on stability of end groups becomes insufficient. In order to overcome this issue, some researchers encapsulated polyynes into macrocycles to form rotaxanes or polyrotaxanes. Sugiyama and coworkers10 prepared pseudo-rotaxanes and rotaxanes with cyclodextrin simultaneously to stabilize and to solubilize the carbyne chains. Tykwinski and coworkers11 synthesized polyyne rotaxanes with 4, 6 and 10 triple bonds in length through active copper-templated coupling. Inspired by these cases, I am trying to design a polyrotaxane, allowing for complete dehalogenation of PIDA to make carbyne. Polydiacetylenes (PDAs), conjugated polymers with alternating double and triple bonds in the backbone, are prepared via topochemical polymerization of aligned diynes. Generally, topochemical polymerizations occur in a condensed phase, in which the monomers are preorganized and the final structures of the product are determined by the preorganization. In 1969, the synthesis of PDA was first described by Wegner,12 introducing the 1, 4-polymization of monomers. In addition, Baughman demonstrated how 1, 4-polymerization of diynes works and reported necessary parameters for the 1, 4-polymerization.13 The monomers are held in alignment. The distance between adjacent monomers is near 5 Ã…. The intermolecular distance of reacting carbons (C4 and C1’) is close to 3.5 Ã…, which is close to the van der Waals radius of carbon. The tilt angle between monomer diyne and the vertical translation axis should be 45 °. Ideal 1, 4-polymerization of diynes is showed below. Host-guest strategy is used to describe how monomers are aligned for polymerization. Different molecules or ions are held together by some forces to form complexes. In order for topochemical polymerization, monomers should be aligned to meet the geometric requirements. However, some monomers cannot form the right geometry required to polymerize. Host-guest strategy is applied to adjust the monomers to meet the requirements reported by Baughman. Here, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding work in 1, 4-polymerization through host-guest strategy. Recently, Fowler and Lauher developed different kinds of diyne monomers to undergo 1, 4-polymerization using the host-guest strategy. In this way, the diyne monomers played the role of guests, which then formed hydrogen bonds with host molecules. The host molecules possessing oxalamides and ureas self-assembled into a structure via hydrogen bonding. Because of hydrogen bonding interactions, the diyne monomers were aligned in proper geometry for 1, 4-polymerization. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for one diyne.14 In the cocrystals, the oxalamide host molecule was organized through hydrogen bond with a repeat distance of 4.97 Ã…. The nicotinyl ester groups of the diyne guest monomers form strong pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds to the host molecules. In addition to Fowler and Lauher’ work, the Goroff group also showed halogen bonding interaction could be applied for 1, 4-polymerization with the host-guest strategy. sp2 and sp hybridized carbon is more electronegative than iodine. Iodoalkynes behaves as Lewis acids and form halogen bonds with Lewis bases, such as pyridine and nitriles. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for diiodobutadiyne (figure 1.3).15 In this case, diiodobutadiyne played the role of guest. The hosts with oxalamide group were also organized through hydrogen bonds and designed to align diiodobutadiyne in the right geometry for 1, 4-topochemcal polymerization. The repeat distance of diyne monomers was 5.11 Ã…. The tilt angle was 51 °. Halogen bonds (XBs) is a non-covalent interaction which consists of halogen atom and other neutral atom or anions. The general structure of halogen bonds is showed in Figure 1.4.16 In this structure, X is halogen atom, which accepts electron density. It can be Lewis acid and halogen bond donor. D is the one donate electron density, which behaves as Lewis base and halogen bond acceptor. Y is a carbon, nitrogen, or halogen atom. The investigation of XB has been continuing for near 200 years. In 1863, the first report on the ability of halogen atoms to form well-defined adducts with electron donor species was described by Frederick Guthrie.17 In his experiment, I2 was added to saturated ammonium salt (nitrate or carbonate) and a diiodine/ ammonia system NH3†¢I2 formed. After exposed to air, it decomposes spontaneously into ammonia and iodine, without permanent gas being evolved. After that, halogen bonds became widely investigated. H. A. Benesi and J. H. Hildebrand identified the iodine-benzene complexe through UV-vis spectra in 1948.18 In 1954, Hassel’s group used X-ray to show the structure of bromine 1, 4-dioxanate.19 The experiment showed there was a short intermolecular interaction between the oxygen atoms of dioxane and bromine atoms. The interaction was halogen bond. The distance of O−Br bond was just 2.71 Ã…, which indicated a strong interaction between the bromine and oxygen atom s. Pierangleo Metrangolo and Guiseppe Resnati, whose research focused on halogen bonds, summarized the characteristic of halogen bonds and their interaction.16, 20 Polarizability increases when you move down the periodic table from fluorine atom to the iodine atom. This makes Cl, Br and I have the positive potential charge, which is showed in Figure 1.5. When the halogen atom is attached to an electron-withdrawing group, the positively polarized area will increase. On the one hand, the halogen atom can be the acceptor of electron density. On the other hand, the positive charge locates at sphere’s end, which is surrounded by electron neutral ring and negative charge belt. Because of the special location of positive charge, the angle of covalent bond and noncovalent bond around halogen atom in D†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢X—Y is near 180 °. This is consistent with research results. Hongjian Jin et al.21 used diiodobutadiyne and bis(pyridyl)oxalamides to make cocrystal, whi ch was based on halogen bonds between pyridine group’s nitrogen and iodine. Polymerization of cocrystal was induced under 3.5 GPa pressure. Although the N†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢I—C angle changed after polymerization, both angles were still near 180 °. They were 169.7 ° and 161.4 °. Investigation of halogen bonds examples in the Cambridge Structure Database is also shown. Metrangolo and Resnati16, 20 showed that halogen bond was relative stronger than hydrogen bond. However, a halogen is larger and more polarizable than hydrogen and halogen bonds are more sensitive to steric hindrance than hydrogen bonds. Halogen atom, electron acceptor in XBs, has some general characteristics. Among the four halogen atoms, the order for forming strong halogen bonding is I >Br > Cl >F. The more electron withdrawing atom is, the stronger is the halogen bonds. As to halocarbons, the strength order for halogen bonding is C-X (sp)>C-X (sp2)> C-X (sp3). If the halocarbons are unfunctionalized monohaloalkanes, no halogen bonds are observed. Diiodobutadiyne, in which the C is sp hybridized, is a good Lewis acid.22 The Goroff group used diiodobutadiyne as a guest to make poly (diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) with several hosts. Self-assembly of macrocycles Supramolecular chemistry is a rapidly growing field, emphasizing on assembly of discrete molecules. Traditional chemistry deals with covalent interaction while supramolecular chemistry focuses more on noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding23, van der Waals forces24 and Ï€-Ï€ interactions25. Self-assembly, a main process involved in supramolecular chemistry, will take advantage of these noncovalent interactions to organize discrete molecules into high order structures. Macrocycles, which have cyclic structures with other functional groups, can be self-assembled in a specific manner to form high order structures. Here I will introduce the self-assembly of macrocycles through hydrogen bonding and Ï€-Ï€ interactions. Ï€-Ï€ interactions, well known noncovalent intermolecular interactions, play important roles in self-assembly of macrocycles. The arrangement of aromatic rings has following geometries, such as face-to-face, edge-to-face and slipped stack. Hill and coworkers26 synthesized amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, self-assembling via Ï€-Ï€ stacking to form a discrete nanotubular object. The object has a uniform and 14-nanometer-wide hollow space. Lauher and coworkers27 also took advantage of Ï€-Ï€ stacking to design a tubular macrocyclic polymer. The monomer structure and route to a tubular polymer are shown in Figure 1.7. The diacetylene-based macrocycles self-assembled into polymerizable slipped Ï€-Ï€ stack and polymerized via slow annealing. The macrocycle had two different crystalline forms, which were monoclinic and triclinic form, respectively. After slow annealing at 40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the triclinic forms appeared to undergo crystal-to-crystal polymeriz ation. Hydrogen bond is an attraction force involves a hydrogen and strong electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. The electronegative atoms behave as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen is hydrogen bond donor.28 Macrocyclic peptides and ureas can form high order tubular structures via hydrogen bonds. Ghadiri and coworkers29 used cyclo[-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala)2-] to self-assemble into hollow tubes via amide hydrogen bonds. Shimizu and coworkers30 also took advantage of amide hydrogen bond to organize diacetylene macrocycles for topochemical polymerization. In addition, Shimizu and coworkers used macrocyclic bis-ureas to self-assemble into columnar structures through urea hydrogen bonds. In the structure of macrocyclic bis-ureas, two hydrogen atoms in NH group are hydrogen bond donors and the carbonyl groups are hydrogen bond acceptors. The structures of the macrocyclic ureas are shown in figure 1.8. In 2001, they used bis-urea macrocycles with m-xylene to form the sel f-assembly tubular structures.31 The m-xylene kept the macrocycles rigid. However, this macrocycle formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Another bis-urea macrocycle with m-phenylether avoided forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds and organized into tubular structures with ordered acetic acid dimer filling inside as guest. The columns were stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as Ï€-Ï€ staking interactions of phenylether. Except ureas, oxalamides are also used to form hydrogen bonding networks (figure 1.8). The repeat distances are 4.6 Ã… and 5.0 Ã…, respectively.33 Inspired by above work, we plan to design a macrocycle with pyridine, alkyne and oxalamide segments. Pyridine and alkyne segments provide beneficial rigidity, helping the macrocycles cocrystalize with diiodobutadiyne through halogen bonds. oxalamide segments are used for forming hydrogen bonding networks.

How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years :: Employment Unemployment Economics Essays

How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years The different types of Unemployment There are many different types of unemployment, these are: frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, classical unemployment, and demand deficient unemployment. Frictional unemployment is unemployment for a short duration of time as workers move from one job to another. Over the last 20 years information has improved and people are more aware of the availability of better paid job, promotions etc and hence they may be moving form job to job more often hence increasing temporary frictional employment. Structural unemployment is caused by a lack of capital for goods and services in the economy or a particular sector. As the structure of an economy changes, certain workers may find themselves made redundant as their skills are no longer required, or that the region in which they live does not have enough employment opportunities. An example of this is the British ship building industry, which has contracted to the extent that workers with skills appropriate to this industry either cannot find jobs at all or must migrate to find them. Structural unemployment will be affected by the cost and availability of retraining, which would allow people to acquire skills which will be useful to them in filling the vacancies which are available. The ease of relocation within the country will also have an effect on structural unemployment. As the economy moves according to the business cycle, there are booms and recessions, and this is reflected in output and unemployment over the last 20 years structural unemployment has fluctuated accordingly due to the lack of capital, with recession in the early 1990's and high structural unemployment and booms in recent past with low structural unemployment. The lack of employment at this time is due to the lack of money to invest and expand, and as a result output is greatly reduced. However, nowadays, unlike the past 20 years, credit is now available much more easily for companies through banks and building societies so not as many employees are affected by structural unemployment. Demand deficient unemployment is caused by a lack of demand. Keynes believed that unemployment had more to do with the goods market than the labour market. Low demand in the goods market would mean low overall output, and therefore low demand for labour, over the last 20 years, demand has raised overall hence demand deficient unemployment will reduce. During times of recession there is very little output and not many people are needed in the workforce. This leads to high unemployment levels. This situation arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when there was a recession. How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years :: Employment Unemployment Economics Essays How the U.K. Labour Market Has Changed Over The Last 20 Years The different types of Unemployment There are many different types of unemployment, these are: frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment, classical unemployment, and demand deficient unemployment. Frictional unemployment is unemployment for a short duration of time as workers move from one job to another. Over the last 20 years information has improved and people are more aware of the availability of better paid job, promotions etc and hence they may be moving form job to job more often hence increasing temporary frictional employment. Structural unemployment is caused by a lack of capital for goods and services in the economy or a particular sector. As the structure of an economy changes, certain workers may find themselves made redundant as their skills are no longer required, or that the region in which they live does not have enough employment opportunities. An example of this is the British ship building industry, which has contracted to the extent that workers with skills appropriate to this industry either cannot find jobs at all or must migrate to find them. Structural unemployment will be affected by the cost and availability of retraining, which would allow people to acquire skills which will be useful to them in filling the vacancies which are available. The ease of relocation within the country will also have an effect on structural unemployment. As the economy moves according to the business cycle, there are booms and recessions, and this is reflected in output and unemployment over the last 20 years structural unemployment has fluctuated accordingly due to the lack of capital, with recession in the early 1990's and high structural unemployment and booms in recent past with low structural unemployment. The lack of employment at this time is due to the lack of money to invest and expand, and as a result output is greatly reduced. However, nowadays, unlike the past 20 years, credit is now available much more easily for companies through banks and building societies so not as many employees are affected by structural unemployment. Demand deficient unemployment is caused by a lack of demand. Keynes believed that unemployment had more to do with the goods market than the labour market. Low demand in the goods market would mean low overall output, and therefore low demand for labour, over the last 20 years, demand has raised overall hence demand deficient unemployment will reduce. During times of recession there is very little output and not many people are needed in the workforce. This leads to high unemployment levels. This situation arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when there was a recession.

Children Learn Best

H61012A L9914234 Pham Minh Tu Discursive Eassay Children learn best by observing behavior of addults and copying it The major disparity between adults and children is the imitating learning scientifically. Although the incidental learning facilitates the studying of children, this conventional methodology has been considered as a contentious dicourse due to its latent detrimental impacts. This essay will demonstrate the affirmative and negative arguments for the immitating learning of children regards as the best methodolody.Firstly, the imitation of the behaviors of adults is a quick learning methodology for children. It is highly doubt that this eliminates the time spending on the explanation for children since these behaviors accumulatively exert young learners on their habits, personality and the outlook. To illustrate, no confusing question impedes the fragile mind of children from the reason wasting their time. This facilitates the adults to monitor the critical skills as they will explain the vital reason for some unclear and misleading action.Secondly, this imitation creates the natural incentives for children to learn the intractable things. With the mutual basis on the interpersonal communication with adults, particularly parents, these acquaintances appear as the massive profound inspiration. Consequently, these behaviors are understood as welcoming actions by children and manipulate them, in turn shaping their future personal like the civility.For example, to instill a love of books, parents could read books for children everyday instead of using TV as a pastime. Additionally, small children pick up several new words from parents’ conversations. These are the positive arguments for this learning methodology. Next the manifold oppose arguments will be illustrated for this issue. The predominant disadvantage of this imitating methodology is the pitfall of misleading or the limits for autistic children.It is explicit since this form of learning requires the high quality from the interpersonal environment solely, not from the learners themselves. Thus, without the interaction with parents, those children with autism do not enable themselves to study. Moreover, the imitation of adults’ behaviors leads to the latent profound reduction of creativity in children. The strings attached children with surrounding environment might create the laziness and then the shortage of the ability of provoke-thinking and solving problems.Subsequently, being a passive learner in a long-term period, the creativity can be reduced in children inevitably. In conclusion, when the imitability in learning always contains its advantages and limits on children. Nevertheless, it is the natural step of human’s evolution of studying. Therefore, children could encounter the surrounding environment and new concepts to learn the best from this step, which is assumed as a launching pad fro them before entering the world of formal schooling.

USS Ohio (BB-12) and the Great White Fleet

USS Ohio (BB-12) and the Great White Fleet USS Ohio (BB-12) was a Maine-class battleship that served with the US Navy from 1904 to 1922. The first warship named for the state since the ship-of-the-line USS Ohio that had been launched in 1820, the new battleship represented an improved version of the earlier Illinois-class. Built in San Francisco, Ohio joined the fleet and saw immediate service in the Far East. Transferring to the Atlantic in 1907, it joined the Great White Fleet for its cruise around the world. Ohio was modernized in 1909 and later supported American operations in Mexico. Though briefly decommissioned, it returned to active duty with the US entry into  World War I. Fulfilling a training role during the conflict, Ohio was placed in reserve in 1919 before being removed from the fleet three years later.   Design Approved on May 4, 1898, the Maine-class of battleship was meant to be an evolution of USS Iowa (BB-4) which entered service in June 1897 as well as the more recent Illinois-class. As such, the new battleships were to be of a sea-going design rather than the coastal configuration used in the Indiana- and Kearsarge-classes. Initially designed to mount four 13/35 cal. guns in two twin turrets, the design of the new class changed under the guidance of Rear Admiral George W. Melville and more powerful 12/40 cal. guns were selected instead. This main battery was supported by sixteen 6 guns, six 3 guns, eight 3-pdr guns, and six 1-pdr guns. While the first designs called for using Krupp Cemented armor, the US Navy later decided to utilize Harvey armor which had been employed on earlier battleships. Construction Designated USS Maine (BB-10), the lead ship of the class became the first to carry the name since the armored cruiser whose loss helped incite the Spanish-American War. This was followed by USS Ohio (BB-12) which was laid down on April 22, 1899 at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Ohio was the only member of the Maine-class to be built on the West Coast. On May 18, 1901, Ohio slid down the ways with Helen Deschler, a relative of Ohio Governor George K. Nash, acting as sponsor. In addition, the ceremony was attended by President William McKinley. Over three years later, on October 4, 1904, the battleship entered commission with Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command. USS Ohio (BB-12) - Overview: Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Union Iron WorksLaid Down: April 22, 1899Launched: May 18, 1901Commissioned: October 4, 1904Fate: Sold for scrap, 1923 Specifications Displacement: 12,723 tonsLength: 393 ft., 10 in.Beam: 72 ft., 3 in.Draft: 23 ft., 10 in.Speed: 18 knotsComplement: 561 men Armament 4 Ãâ€" 12 in. guns16 Ãâ€" 6 in. guns6 Ãâ€" 3 in. guns8 Ãâ€" 3-pounder guns6 Ãâ€" 1-pounder guns2 Ãâ€" .30 in machine guns2 Ãâ€" 18 in. torpedo tubes Early Career As the United States newest battleship in the Pacific, Ohio received orders to steam west to serve as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Departing San Francisco on April 1, 1905, the battleship carried Secretary of War William H. Taft and Alice Roosevelt, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, on an inspection tour of the Far East. Completing this duty, Ohio remained in the region and operated off Japan, China, and the Philippines. Among the ships crew at this time was Midshipman Chester W. Nimitz who would later lead the US Pacific Fleet to victory over Japan in World War II. With the end of its tour of duty in 1907, Ohio returned to the United States and transferred to the East Coast. Great White Fleet In 1906, Roosevelt became increasingly worried regarding the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific due to the growing threat posed by the Japanese. To impress upon Japan that the United States could move its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began planning a world cruise of the nations battleships. Dubbed the Great White Fleet, Ohio, commanded by Captain Charles Bartlett, was assigned to the forces Third Division, Second Squadron. This group also contained its sister ships Maine and Missouri. Departing Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907, the fleet turned south making port calls in Brazil before passing through the Straits of Magellan. Moving north, the fleet, led by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, reached San Diego on April 14, 1908. Briefly pausing in California, Ohio and the rest of the fleet then crossed the Pacific to Hawaii before reaching New Zealand and Australia in August. After taking part in elaborate and festive visits, the fleet cruised north to the Philippines, Japan, and China. Completing port calls in these nations, the American fleet transited the Indian Ocean before passing through the Suez Canal and entering the Mediterranean. Here the fleet parted to show the flag in several ports. Steaming west, Ohio made visits to ports in the Mediterranean before the fleet regrouped at Gibraltar. Crossing the Atlantic, the fleet arrived at Hampton Roads on February 22 where it was inspected by Roosevelt. With the conclusion of its world cruise, Ohio entered the yard at New York for a refit and received a new coat of gray paint as well as had a new cage mast installed. Later Career Remaining at New York, Ohio spent much of the next four years training members of the New York Naval Militia as well as conducting occasional operation with the Atlantic Fleet. During this period it received a second cage mast as well as other modern equipment. Though obsolete, Ohio continued to fulfill secondary functions and in 1914 helped support the US occupation of Veracruz. That summer the battleship embarked midshipmen from the US Naval Academy for a training cruise before being deactivated at Philadelphia Navy Yard that fall. Each of the next two summers Ohio reentered commission for training operations involving the Academy. With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, Ohio was re-commissioned. Ordered to Norfolk following its re-commissioning on April 24, the battleship spent the war training sailors in and around the Chesapeake Bay. With the conflicts conclusion, Ohio steamed north to Philadelphia where it was placed in reserve on January 7, 1919. Decommissioned on May 31, 1922, it was sold for scrap the following March in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty.